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BUREAU OF MINES 
INFORMATION CIRCULAR/1988 



Water Use in the Domestic Nonfuel 
IVIinerals Industry 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 



Information Circular 9196 



Water Use in the Domestic Nonfuel 
Minerals Industry 



By Choon Kooi Quan 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Donald Paul Model, Secretary 

BUREAU OF MINES 
T S Ary, Director 



As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has 
responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. 
This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our 
fish and wildlife, preserving the environment and cultural values of our national parks 
and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor 
recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to 
assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department 
also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for 
people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. 




IP 2^6 



Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 



Quan, Choon K. 

Water use in the domestic nonfuel minerals industry. 

(Bureau of Mines information circular ; 9196) 

Bibliography: p. 36. 

Supt. of Docs, no.: 128.27:9196. 

1. Nonfuel minerals industry — United States — Water supply. I. United States. Bureau 
of Mines. II. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9196. 



TN295.U4 



[TN23] 



622s 



[333.91'23] 






For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 
Washington, DC 20402 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 2 

Acknowledgments 4 

Terminology 4 

The water canvass 5 

Estimated water use in the nonfuel minerals 

industry in 1984 6 

Water use, by commodity and type of water 6 

Water use, by commodity and type of operation . . 6 

Sources of new water, by commodity 7 

Water treatment, by commodity 8 

Intensity of use 10 

Water use, by State and type of water 10 

Water use, by State and type of operation 14 

Sources of new water, by State 15 

Water treatment, by State 15 

Water use trends 17 

Water use trends, by commodity 17 

Copper 17 

Iron ore 17 



Page 

Phosphate rock 18 

Sand and gravel 18 

Stone 18 

All nonfuel minerals 18 

Water use trends, by State 31 

Water use in the nonfuel minerals industry in 2000 32 

Water use problems and issues 34 

Water availability 34 

Water quality 34 

Land use 34 

Summary 35 

References 36 

Appendix A.— Canvass questionnaire 37 

Appendix B.— Canvass coverage 39 

Appendix C— Estimated water use in the domestic 

nonfuel minerals industry in 1984 46 

Appendix D.— Water use trends, 1954-84 56 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

1. New water withdrawals, by major end-use sectors, 1950-80 3 

2. Water use in the nonfuel minerals industry, 1954-83 3 

3. Water use, by commodity, 1962 4 

4. Water use, by commodity, 1984 7 

5. Water use, by commodity and type of operation, 1984 8 

6. Sources of new water, by commodity, 1984 9 

7. Types of water treated, by commodity, 1984 9 

8. Crude ore production, 1984 10 

9. Value of mine production, 1984 11 

10. Water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1984 11 

11. Water use per dollar of mine production, 1984 12 

12. Water use, by State, 1984 12 

13. Water use, by State and type of operation, 1984 15 

14. Sources of new water, by State, 1984 16 

15. Types of water treated, by State, 1984 16 

16. Copper industry water use, 1954-84 19 

17. Copper industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84 19 

18. Copper industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84 20 

■ 19. Copper industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84 20 

20. Iron ore industry water use, 1954-84 21 

21. Iron ore industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84 21 

22. Iron ore industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84 22 

23. Iron ore industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84 22 

24. Phosphate rock industry water use, 1954-84 23 

25. Phosphate rock industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84 23 

26. Phosphate rock industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84 24 

27. Phosphate rock industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84 24 

28. Sand and gravel industry water use, 1954-84 25 

29. Sand and gravel industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84 25 

30. Sand and gravel industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84 26 

31. Sand and gravel industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84 26 

32. . Stone industry water use, 1954-84 27 

33. Stone industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84 27 

34. Stone industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84 28 

35. Stone industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84 28 

36. Nonfuel minerals industry water use, 1954-84 29 

37. Nonfuel minerals industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84 29 

38. Nonfuel minerals industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84 30 

39. Nonfuel minerals industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84 30 

40. Water use, by State, 1962 31 



TABLES 

Page 

1. Population and new water withdrawals, by State, 1980 and 1984 13 

2. New water use, by State and major end-use sector, 1984 14 

3. New water withdrawals for all U.S. offstream uses 18 

4. Mineral sector use of water 18 

5. Average water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1983-84 32 

6. Mine production in, 1983 and 2000 32 

7. Crude ore production in 1983 and 2000 32 

8. Estimated water use in the nonfuel minerals industry in 2000 33 

9. Average 1983-84 water use and estimated 1985 water use 33 

B-1. Canvass coverage, by number of operations and commodity, 1984 39 

B-2. Canvass coverage, by number of operations and State, 1984 39 

B-3. Canvass coverage, by crude ore production, 1984 40 

B-4. Canvass coverage, by value of mine production, 1984 41 

B-5. Types of response, by commodity and number of respondents, 1984 42 

B-6. Types of response, by State and number of respondents, 1984 43 

B-7. Adequacy of water supply, by commodity, 1984 44 

B-8. Adequacy of water supply, by State, 1984 45 

C-1. Water use, by commodity and type of water, 1984 46 

C-2. Water use, by commodity and type of operation, 1984 47 

C-3. Sources of new water, by commodity, 1984 48 

C-4. Types of water treated, by commodity, 1984 49 

C-5. Water use per short ton of crude ore produced in 1984 50 

C-6. Water use per dollar of mine production in 1984 51 

C-7. Water use, by State and type of water, 1984 52 

C-8. Water use, by State and type of operation, 1984 53 

C-9. Sources of new water, by State, 1984 54 

C-10. Types of water treated, by State, 1984 55 

D-1. New water intake, by commodity 56 

D-2. Recirculated water, by commodity 56 

D-3. Total water used, by commodity 57 

D-4. Crude ore production, by commodity 57 

D-5. Value of mine production, by commodity 58 

D-6. New water intake per short ton of crude ore production 58 

D-7. Recirculated water per short ton of crude ore production 59 

D-8. Total water used per short ton of crude ore production 59 

D-9. New water intake per 1984 dollar of mine production 60 

D-10. Recirculated water per 1984 dollar of mine production 60 

D-11. Total water used per 1984 dollar of mine production 61 

D- 12. Water use, by State and type of water, 1962 62 



UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT 


gal 


gallon 


mt 


metric ton 


gal/d 


gallon per day 


St 


short ton 


gal/st 


gallon per short ton 


tr oz 


troy ounce 


gal/yr 


gallon per year 


yr 


year 


mi2 


square mile 







WATER USE IN THE DOMESTIC NONFUEL MINERALS INDUSTRY 

By Choon Kooi Quan^ 



ABSTRACT 

Water availability is essential for mining and minerals processing. To provide 
government and industry with recent data for water use planning and management, 
the Bureau of Mines canvassed a number of U.S. producers of nonfuel minerals to 
determine their water use in 1984. Data were analyzed and compared with previously 
published data in order to examine historical trends in water utilization in the nonfuel 
minerals industry and to estimate water requirements in the year 2000. 

Total water use in the domestic nonfuel minerals industry during 1984 was 
estimated at 2,267 billion gal, of which 571 billion gal was new water and 1,696 billion 
gal recirculated water. The largest users of water were the phosphate rock, iron ore, 
copper, sand and gravel, and crushed stone industries, together accounting for almost 
90% of total used. More than one-half of all water was used in Florida, Michigan, and 
Minnesota. In the year 2000, total water use will amount to an estimated 2,679 billion 
gal, of which 810 billion gal will be new water and 1,869 billion gal recirculated water. 
Most of this water would be used in producing the foregoing suite of minerals. 

^Physical scientist. Branch of Technical Analysis, Division of Policy Analysis, Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC. 



INTRODUCTION 



Water is one of the most important factors of production 
in the nonfuel minerals industry. It is used for mining 
crude ore and processing the ore to a product that can be 
sold as such (e.g., sand and gravel) or that can be converted 
to some other material by smelting and refining (e.g., 
copper metal from copper ore concentrates). The amount 
of water used varies according to location, nature of the 
ore, method of mining and processing, and State and local 
laws pertaining to water use and subsequent disposal. 
Generally, more water is used in processing than in 
mining of ore. Although the current practice is to recycle a 
substantial portion of the water used in many operations, 
significant amounts of new supplies are still required to 
make up for water that is lost through evaporation or 
incorporation in the final product. Thus, the availability of 
such supplies is essential to the continued operations of 
many existing mines. It is especially crucial for determin- 
ing the technical and economic feasibility of developing 
new mines. 

Although nationally the United States has an 
abundance of water, there could be local or regional 
shortages due to major climatological differences or 
seasonal drought. In areas where water is perennially or 
seasonally scarce and subject to competing uses, such as 
public supply, agriculture, and mining, economic ex- 
pansion in one end-use sector could be made only at the 
expense of other sectors, unless appropriate water resource 
planning, development, and management procedures have 
been previously implemented. However, successful im- 
plementation of such procedures must necessarily be 
predicated on the availability of reliable data on water use, 
availability, and quality. Consequently, over the past few 
decades, several agencies and commissions have been 
authorized to periodically assess the Nation's current and 
projected water use and supply. 

Beginning in 1950 and continuing at 5-yr intervals, 
the U.S. Geological Survey has published water use data 
for industrial applications, irrigation, public supply, rural 
needs, and thermoelectric power generation (1-7).^ 
Estimated new water withdrawals increased from about 
66 trillion gal in 1950 to 164 trillion gal in 1980, at an 
annual compound rate of about 3% (fig. 1). The two largest 
uses of water were for irrigation and thermoelectric power 
generation, together accounting for 72% to 81% of total 
withdrawals. Industrial uses of water, including mining, 
accounted for 7% to 8% of total withdrawals, but because of 
the sectoral aggregation employed, trends in water use in 
the nonfuel minerals industry could not be discerned. 

In contrast, U.S. Bureau of the Census data (8-11) 
indicated that new water use in the nonfuel minerals 
industry rose from 0.51 trillion gal in 1954 to a high of 0.98 
trillion gal in 1968, before declining to 0.55 trillion gal in 
1983 (fig. 2). Largely offsetting the decline in new water 
usage was the steady increase in water recirculation from 
0.32 trillion gal in 1954 to 1.39 trillion gal in 1978, after 
which the amount of water recirculated decreased slightly 
to 1.20 trillion gal in 1983. The Bureau of the Census data 
were based on official canvasses of the minerals industry 
at 5-yr intervals, starting in 1968. There was no canvass 
between 1954 and 1968. 



^Italicized numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references 
preceding appendix A. 



Partly filling the gap between 1954 and 1968 was a 
Bureau of Mines canvass of water use in the minerals 
industry during 1962 (12). Results indicated that the 
domestic nonfuel minerals industry utilized about 1.49 
trillion gal of water, of which 51% was new water and 49% 
recirculated water. More than 82% of all water was used in 
the production of copper ore, iron ore, phosphate rock, 
sand and gravel, and crushed stone (fig. 3). Ten States 
accounted for about 70% of total water used. In decreasing 
order of magnitude, they were Florida, Minnesota, 
Tennessee, Michigan, California, Arizona, Texas, New 
Mexico, Ohio, and Utah. 

Perhaps the most comprehensive studies on water use 
in the domestic aluminum, copper, and iron and steel 
industries were reported by Conklin (13), Mussey (U), and 
Walling and Otts (15), respectively. Based on actual field 
surveys, these studies covered water use in the aluminum 
industry in 1952, copper industry in 1955, and iron and 
steel industry in 1957. Although some qualitative state- 
ments were made regarding the anticipated growth in 
aluminum, copper, and iron and steel production, no 
estimates were provided for future water use in these 
industries. These studies were augmented by a report on 
water use in the production of copper by Michaelson {16). 

Mainly because of the potential for water shortages in 
the Western States, the Bureau of Mines investigated in 
great detail water use in the minerals industry of Arizona 
in 1960 (1 7), New Mexico in 1962 {18), Nevada in 1962 {19), 
Montana in 1963 {20), and Wyoming in 1964 {21). These 
investigations were based largely on site surveys of major 
mines and processing plants in those States. Projections of 
future water use were then made using certain assumptions 
about expected growth in mineral production. Some of 
these projections are no longer valid in light of present-day 
technological and economic conditions. 

Other studies on water use and projections include 
those by the Senate Select Committee on National Water 
Resources in 1961 {22), Resources for the Future in 1971 
{23), the National Water Commission in 1973 (^4), the 
Water Resources Council in 1978 {25), and the Senate 
Committee on Environment and Public Works in 1980 
{26). For the most part, population, technology, and 
economic activity were variables used in projecting future 
water use. However, the nonfuel minerals industry was 
not separately covered in these studies. Some methods for 
projecting water demand were reviewed by Lofting and 
Davies {27). 

In the 25 yr since the first Bureau of Mines water 
canvass, the nonfuel minerals industry has undergone 
profound changes in the nature and scale of operations. 
Ores being mined today for copper and iron are of lower 
grade than those mined in 1962, resulting in the increased 
use of water. More water is also being recycled for use for 
economic or environmental reasons. At the same time, 
production of many minerals has been declining because 
of poor prices and foreign competition. It is therefore 
likely that water use trends and projections based on 1962 
data may not be applicable under present circumstances. 
Consequently, in order to assist government and industry 
water use planning, the Bureau undertook a more recent 
canvass of the domestic nonfuel minerals industry. Results 
of the canvass are presented in this report. 



200 r 



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CM 



3 120 



a 

X 



a: 

1x1 



80 



z 40 - 



KEY 

Rural 
uses 

Public 
supply 



Irrigation 

Thermo- 
electricity 



^^ Industrial 
uses 




1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 

Figure 1.— New water withdrawals, by major end-use sectors, 1950-80. Data from U.S. Geological Survey {1-7). 



2.4 r 



: KEY 



.8 







^ 


^ 


/7 


Recirculated 




2.0 


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water 




- 










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1.6 


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o 


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CN 




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1954 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 2.— water use in the nonfuel minerals industry, 1954-83. Data from U.S. Bureau of the Census (8-7 7). 



400 r 



300 - 



o 
en 

en 
o 



b{ 200 

UJ 



100 - 



KEY 

New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 

Total 
water 



S 



ffl 




I 



V 
V 
V 



1 




Copper 



Iron ore 



Phosphate 
rock 



Sand and 
gravel 



Stone 



Other 



Figure 3.— Water use, by commodity, 1962 (72). 



Water use by individual commodity and State is 
addressed in the report. Water use has not been aggregated 
by water resource region because of uncertainty in 
identifying political boundaries for each region. Also 
included in the report are historical trends in water use, 
major issues that have been identified, and estimates of 
water requirements in the year 2000. 



For convenience in interpretation, salient data are 
presented graphically in the main body of the text, while 
statistical tables are relegated to appendixes. Where 
appropriate, data aggregation has been employed in some 
of the tables in order to avoid disclosing company 
proprietary information. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



The cooperation of respondents in providing data for 
the water canvass is gratefully acknowledged. Data 
processing personnel from the former Minerals Informa- 
tion directorate rendered invaluable assistance in securing 
U.S. Office of Management and Budget approval for 
conducting the canvass, in developing mailing lists, and in 



providing guidance in the use of a data base management 
system. Delores James, computer systems analyst, Branch 
of Technical Analysis, was largely responsible for the 
development of the water use data base and the generation 
of statistical tables, for which the author is grateful. 



TERMINOLOGY 



Some of the terms used in this report are broadly 
defined here as an aid to comprehension. The definitions 
may not necessarily coincide with other published defini- 
tions, nor are they to be construed as all-encompassing. 



Nonfuel Minerals Industry: For the purposes of this 
report, the nonfuel minerals industry comprises all those 
establishments producing metallic and nonmetallic min- 
erals except solid and liquid fuels, gases, cement, and lime. 



Hereinafter, any specific reference to the production of 
metallic commodities such as copper, lead, zinc, etc. 
implies the mining and processing of their respective ores. 

Mineral: This refers to the principal product, dif- 
ferentiated from waste material, in a mining or processing 
operation. It does not include byproducts such as moly- 
bdenum and gold recovered in copper mining. 

Mining: This includes all activities that are involved 
in the extraction of minerals in surface and underground 
mines, such as drilling, blasting, loading, and transporta- 
tion. It also includes solution-mining, dredging and 
hydraulicking, leaching, liquefaction, and evaporation. 

Processing: This includes all physical and chemical 
processes that are used to separate minerals from waste 
material, such as washing, crushing and grinding, 
screening, table concentration or jigging, heavy-media 
separation, electrostatic or electromagnetic separation, 
and flotation. It does not include the smelting or refining of 
ores or the manufacture of cement and lime. 

Crude Ore: This refers to the material that is first 
obtained from a mining operation before it undergoes 
processing to remove undesirable waste. Crude ore is 
sometimes sold or used without further processing. 



Mine Production: This refers to production as measured 
by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production 
(including consumption by producers). 

Value of Mine Production: This refers to the value of 
the principal product. Byproduct values are not included. 

Water Use: This refers to water employed in mining, 
processing, and all other activities incidental to production. 

New Water: This is water that is introduced from an 
external source into a given mine or plant for the first 
time, regardless of quality. New water is sometimes 
termed water intake, water withdrawal, or makeup water. 

Recirculated Water: This is water that is recycled for 
further use in a mining or processing operation largely as 
a conservation measure. It does not include solutions 
recycled because of fixed metallurgical practices, such as 
a copper leaching solution containing sulfuric acid. 

Total Water: This is the sum of new water and 
recirculated water. It is sometimes known as gross water. 

Water Discharged: This is water that permanently 
leaves the mine or plant after having been used. 

Water Consumed: This is the difference between new 
water and water discharged. It represents the water that 
is lost through evaporation or product incorporation. 



THE WATER CANVASS 



Data on water use in the domestic nonfuel minerals 
industry in 1984 was obtained by canvassing a selected 
sample of metal and nonmetal mines, using the question- 
naire shown in appendix A. The questionnaire was adapted 
from Kaufman and Nadler {12), with slight modifications 
to minimize reporting time and requirements. 

Respondents were asked to report all water, regardless 
of quality, that was used as a mining or milling agent, such 
as in the solution mining of salt, production of sulfur in the 
Frasch process, or flotation of mineral ores. Water used in 
the smelting and refining of metals or in the manufacture 
of cement and lime was to be excluded. 

Plant s and mi nes comprising an integrated operation 
were to report water usage on a^single questionnaire. An 
integrated operation was defined as a mine and plant in 
the same county, operated as a unit by one company, and 
having an interrelated water system. Where mines and 
plants were located in different counties, separate estimates 
of water use in each county were requested. 

Respondents with new water intake exceeding 1 
million gal were asked to provide information on the 
source, quantity, and adequacy of their new water supply; 
the amount used and recirculated in mining, processing, 
or other related activities; the amount discharged or 
consumed; and the percentage of water treated prior to 
being used, recycled, or discharged. (Several respondents 
who reported little or no water intake but who used large 
amounts of recirculated water provided detailed informa- 
tion as well). 

Respondents were advised to calculate water volumes 
using operational data or rated pump capacities where 
feasible. In the absence of such data, any reasonable 
estimates were acceptable. 

The canvass was started with a first mailing in 
October 1985. A second mailing to all nonrespondents was 
made in January 1986. This was followed with telephone 
solicitations by Bureau personnel to a subset of the 



remaining nonrespondents during May and June. The 
canvass was declared officially closed in October 1986 
when no more completed questionnaires were returned. 
Each completed questionnaire was reviewed for con- 
sistency and accuracy, after which the data were entered 
into a computerized data base for subsequent processing. 

The sample of metal and nonmetal mines used in the 
canvass was derived from a population of about 6,000 
establishments that had reported mine production during 
1983 in response to a separate Bureau of Mines canvass. 
Included in the sample were 275 metal mines, each of 
which produced more than 1,000 st of crude ore, and 2,890 
nonmetal mines, each of which produced more than 40,000 
st of crude ore in 1983. Inadvertently, most of the con- 
struction sand and gravel mines were excluded from the 
sample because they had not been canvassed for their 
crude ore production in 1983. In 1984, there were some 
5,000 sand and gravel mines reportedly producing in 
excess of 10,000 st each. As indicated later, water use in 
sand and gravel mines during 1984 was estimated by 
extrapolation from 1983 Bureau of the Census data. 

The overall response rate in the water canvass was 
66%, distributed by commodity and State as shown in 
appendix B. Not surprisingly, crushed-stone producers 
constituted the largest number of operations canvassed 
(71%) and the largest number of respondents (69%). Clay 
producers accounted for 8% of all mines canvassed and 9% 
of all respondents. As a result, the majority of respondents 
came from States producing crushed stone and clay. 

The respondents accounted for 79% of crude ore 
produced in all metal mines but only 43% of crude ore 
produced in all nonmetal mines in 1984. The lower 
coverage ratio for nonmetal mines was largely due to the 
exclusion of most construction sand and gravel producers 
from the canvass sample. For the same reason, coverage in 
terms of mine value in 1984 was lower for nonmetal mines 
than for metal mines. Crude ore was used as the common 



denominator because it was quantified in short tons across 
the entire spectrum of metallic and nonmetallic minerals 
covered in the canvass. In cases where crude ore production 
data were not available, the tonnage of marketable product 
was used as a proxy (e.g., evaporated salt and salt in brine). 
Similarly, where the value of mine production was 
unavailable, a shipment value was used in its place (e.g., 
for iron ore). It was felt that such usage of surrogate data 
would not greatly affect the analytical validity of the 
results of this study 

Only 32% of the respondents had total water usage in 
excess of 1 million gal each in 1984. The vast majority 
(61%) used little or no water, and 7% of the respondents 
were inactive during the year. Of the 146 metal mines that 
were active, 74% used more than 1 million gal each. The 
ratio for the 1,797 active nonmetallic mines was only 32%, 



reflecting little water usage by a majority of respondent 
crushed-stone and clay mines. Consequently, States with 
many crushed-stone and clay producers during 1984 had 
proportionately fewer respondents using water. 

More than iwo-thirds of all respondents using water 
during 1984 indicated they had water supplies that were 
adequate for 20 yr. Fourteen percent of the respondents 
had supply adequacy for 10 yr, and 10% had supply 
adequacy for 5 yr. About 6% of the respondents neglected 
to indicate the period of adequacy of their water supplies. 
Five producers of crushed stone, one producer of lode gold, 
and one producer of magnesite and brucite reportedly had 
inadequate supplies of water. These producers were located 
in the States of California, Nevada, New York, Oregon, 
Pennsylvania, and Wyoming. Together, they required an 
additional 206 million gal of new water per year. 



ESTIMATED WATER USE IN THE NONFUEL MINERALS INDUSTRY IN 1984 



Water use described herein represents those quantities 
of new and recirculated water employed in mining, 
processing, and related activities associated with the 
production of mineral ores. It does not include water that 
was simply pumped out of mines and discharged (mine 
dewatering) without prior utilization. Neither does it 
include water that was used in the downstream processing 
of ore (e.g., calcination of lime) or water that constituted an 
"ore" by itself (e.g., sea water from which certain chemical 
compounds were extracted). 

For the most part, water use for individual com- 
modities was estimated by simple extrapolation from 
respondent data. For example, the sample of respondent 
phosphate mines used 111.5 billion gal of new water to 
produce 172.4 million st of crude ore during 1984. By 
extrapolation, the entire phosphate industry, which pro- 
duced a total of 182 million st of crude ore, used an 
estimated 117.7 billion gal of new water. 

In the case of construction sand and gravel, where the 
number of mines sampled was negligibly small, an estimate 
of water use in the industry during 1984 was made by 
extrapolation from 1983 data. In 1983, U.S. production of 
construction sand and gravel amounted to some 655.1 
million st. According to the Bureau of the Census (ii), new 
water use in the industry was estimated at 8.51 billion gal. 
Thus, on the average, the industry used about 130 gal of 
new water per short ton of production in 1983. In 1984, 
total U.S. production of construction sand and gravel was 
773.9 million st. Assuming the same average new water 
use per short ton of production as in 1983, new water use in 
the industry in 1984 was estimated at 100.5 billion gal. 
Similarly, the amount of water recirculated in the con- 
struction sand and gravel industry during 1984 was 
estimated at 45.4 billion gal. 

WATER USE, BY COMMODITY 
AND TYPE OF WATER 

Total water used consists of water that is introduced 
into the mine and plant for the first time (new water) and 
water that is recycled for use (recirculated water). As is 
often the case, much of the recycled water exists within a 
closed system, is used several times over, and is therefore 
difficult to quantify with any degree of confidence. Con- 



sequently, the amount of recirculated water reportedly 
used by respondents might have been overstated. Water 
consumed represents that quantity of new water lost 
through evaporation or incorporation into the product. It 
is derived from the difference between new water intake 
and water discharged. 

Total water used by the honfuel minerals industry 
during 1984 was estimated at 2,267 billion gal, of which 
three-fourths was recirculated water and one-fourth new 
water (see appendix C). Almost 60% of the water was used 
in the production of nonmetallic minerals. The largest use 
of water was in the production of phosphate rock, which 
accounted for one-third of the total used (fig. 4). The next 
largest uses were in the production of iron ore which 
accounted for i;y% of total water used, sand and gravel 
(11%), copper (9%), and crushed stone (6%), 

The two largest users of water also recycled the most 
water, possibly in compliance with State and local laws 
that limit the amount of wastewater that can be discharged 
into the environment. Thus, 90% of the water used in the 
production of iron ore and 85% used in phosphate rock 
production were recirculated. About 43% of total new water 
was consumed, either througn evaporation or incorporation 
in the product, and the balance discharged. The copper 
industry consumed more than three-fourths of its new 
water intake; although slightly larger in volume, the 
phosphate rock industry consumed only 52% of its new 
water intake. 

Although the quantity of water discharged represented 
more than one-half of total new water, details on method of 
disposal or points of discharge were not requested from 
each respondent. During 1983, iron ore, phosphate rock, 
sand and gravel, and crushed stone operations directed 
95%, 93%, 49%, and 72%, respectively, of their discharge 
water into streams and rivers (11). Another 34% from sand 
and gravel and 14% from crushed stone operations were 
directed into lakes and ponds. 

WATER USE, BY COMMODITY AND 
TYPE OF OPERATION 

Generally, two major activities are associated with the 
production of minerals— mining of crude ore and pro- 
cessing of the ore to a marketable product that can be used 



800 



600 



o 

O) 

o 



^ 400 



a: 
ui 



200 




s 



KEY 




S 



Recirculated 
water 

Total 
water 

Water 
discharged 

Water 
consumed 



i 




z 



A 



Copper 



Iron ore 



Phosphate 
rock 



Sand and 
gravel 



Stone 



Other 



Figure 4. — Water use, by commodity, 1984. 



as such (e.g., sand and gravel) or that can be converted to 
some other material by chemical or metallurgical processes 
(e.g., copper metal from copper ore concentrates). In some 
cases, as in the production of crushed stone, no processing 
of the crude material may be necessary. Water usage 
discussed herein applies only to mining and processing of 
crude ore. Water usage in smelting and refining or in the 
manufacture of chemical compounds, cement, and lime is 
not included. 

Water is used in mining for drilling, dust control, 
dredging and hydraulicking of certain placer-type deposits, 
slurry transportation, solution extraction or leaching of 
ores and salts, and liquefaction of sulfur. The amount of 
water used will vary with the type of operation. For the 
most part, drilling and dust control require the least 
amount of water relative to, e.g., slurry transportation and 
dredging and hydraulicking. 

In the processing of ore, large amounts of water may 
be needed in such diverse applications as washing, crushing 
and grinding, screening, table concentration or jigging, 
and flotation. While crushed stone and sand and gravel 
operations require only simple washing and screening to 
produce a marketable product, many metallic ores require 
complex flotation circuits for their concentration. Water 
usage in a selected number of flotation plants in the United 
States during 1985 is summarized by Martin, Edelstein, 
and Hyde (28). 

Some water is also used in miscellaneous applications 
such as cooling and condensation, sanitation and drinking, 



and revegetation of mined lands. Total usage in these 
applications is usually minimal. 

About 86% of total water used in the nonfuel minerals 
industry during 1984 was in the processing of crude ore, 
10% was in mining, and 4% was in miscellaneous applica- 
tions (fig. 5). Phosphate rock accounted for 35% of all 
water used in processing operations; iron ore, 33%; copper, 
9%; sand and gravel, 8%; and crushed stone, 5%. In the case 
of iron ore production practically all of the water usage 
went into processing of crude ore. Similarly, almost 90% of 
the water used in phosphate rock production was for 
processing the crude ore. 

The largest mining use of water was in phosphate rock 
production, which accounted for one-third of all water 
used in mining operations. It is quite likely that a sub- 
stantial amount of water used in mining phosphate rock 
was for slurry transportation from the mine to the pro- 
cessing plant. 



SOURCES OF NEW WATER, BY COMMODITY 



Several sources of new water supply are available to 
the nonfuel minerals industry. These include surface 
water from streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs; water 
from mines; ground water; and water from municipal 
systems and other sources. While most of the water is 
self-supplied by company-operated systems, some is 



800 



600 



o 
o 



LxJ 

V) 400 



ill 



200 - 




Copper 



Iron ore Phosphate Sand and Stone 

rock gravel 

Figure 5.— Water use, by commodity and type of operation, 1984. 



Other 



purchased from outside sources either to supplement self- 
generated supplies or else to provide a clean source of 
water for drinking, sanitation, and other essential uses. 

In 1984, 36% of all new water intake was derived from 
ground water sources, 19% from lakes and reservoirs, 17% 
from streams and rivers, 17% from mines, and 11% from 
public water systems and other sources. For the most part, 
the quality of each supply source was not specified. 
However, in 1983, 69% of new water intake was fresh, 19% 
was brackish, and 12% was saline (11). 

The largest uses of ground water were in phosphate 
rock and copper production, both accounting for about 58% 
of all ground water used (fig. 6). Iron ore production alone 
used 47% of all water from lakes and reservoirs. The single 
largest use for mine water was in processing construction 
sand and gravel, accounting for 40% of all mine water 
used. 



WATER TREATMENT, BY COMMODITY 

Water that is used for mining and processing, or for 
drinking and sanitation, often requires some form of prior 
treatment in order to obtain a quality suitable for each 
specified use. Similarly, water that is to be discharged 
may require prior treatment in order to comply with State 
and local environmental regulations. The type and extent 
of treatment varies with the source of water supply, type of 
use, and State and local wastewater quality standards. 
Available methods of water treatment include aeration, 
biological oxidation (bactericides), chlorination, filtration, 



pH control, precipitation, settling, softening, and other 
miscellaneous methods. 

Because most process water was recirculated, more 
than three-fourths of all recirculated water was subject to 
some form of treatment prior to use during 1984 (fig. 7). 
In contrast, only 30% of all new water and 53% of all 
discharge water received treatment prior to use or 
discharge. 

The five largest users— producers of copper, iron ore, 
phosphate rock, sand and gravel, and crushed stone- 
treated 83%, 80%, 85%, 50%, and 77%, respectively, of their 
recirculated water prior to use. Forty-nine percent of the 
new water used for copper, 9% for iron ore, 31% for 
phosphate rock, 16% for sand and gravel, and 32% for 
crushed stone was treated prior to use. The lower per- 
centage for iron ore probably reflected the good quality of 
its fresh water intake. On the other hand, 69% of the 
discharge water from phosphate rock operations and 60% 
from sand and gravel operations received treatment prior 
to discharge, probably to remove excess slimes. About 41% 
of discharge water from copper, 30% from iron ore, and 
49% from crushed stone was treated prior to discharge. 

In all cases, details on the type and extent of water 
treatment were rieither solicited from nor provided by the 
respondents. However, during 1983, 97% of the discharge 
water from iron ore, 92% from phosphate rock, 97% from 
sand and gravel, and 77% from crushed stone was treated 
by primary settling (11). The types of chemical reagents 
used in treating effluents from a selected number of 
flotation plants in the United States during 1985 can be 
found in reference 28. 



140 r 




Copper Iron ore Phosphate Sand and Stone 

rock gravel 

Figure 6.— Sources of new water, by commodity, 1984. 



Other 



600 r- 



500 



^ 400 
en 
o 



Q 
ui 
(- 

a: 



Ui 



300 



200 



100 



^ 



^ 






SSL 



i 



i 



I 



2L 



^ 



L 



KEY 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 

Water 
discharged 




Copper Iron ore Phosphate Sand and 

rock gravel 

Figure 7.— Types of waier treated, by commodity, 1984. 



Stone 



Other 



10 



INTENSITY OF USE 

For each category of water used, an index for the 
intensity of use per short ton of crude ore produced can be 
derived using the data in figures 4 and 8. This index 
represents an industry-wide average in the sense that it 
includes crude ore production from all nonusers as well as 
users of water during 1984. Similarly, an index for 
intensity of use per dollar of mine production can be 
derived using the data in figures 4 and 9. This index also 
represents an industry-wide average. Both indices are 
useful in examining trends in water use in the nonfuel 
minerals industry. Some caution must be exercised, 
however, in interpreting indices derived from low tonnages 
of crude ore or low values of mine production; such indices 
may be somewhat inflated. 

Among major users of water, the phosphate rock 
industry appeared to have the largest total use per short 
ton of crude ore produced (4,280 gal), followed by iron ore 
(3,710 gal), and copper (1,040 gal), as indicated in figure 10. 
Because of averaging over large tonnages, total water use 
per short ton of sand and gravel and per short ton of 
crushed stone was only 320 gal and 130 gal, respectively. 
On the other hand, several low-tonnage minerals used 
more than 4,000 gal/st. Among these, evaporated salt used 
4,910 gal/st and sodium carbonate, 5,460 gal/st. Overall, 
metal mines used 1,980 gal and nonmetal mines 640 gal 
for each short ton of crude ore produced. The lower index 
for nonmetal mines was due to the very large combined 
tonnage of sand and gravel and crushed stone used in its 
derivation. 



In terms of mine value (fig. 11), phosphate rock 
production also appeared to have the largest total use of 
water per dollar of mine production (660 gal), followed by 
iron ore (290 gal), copper (130 gal), sand and gravel (100 
gal), and crushed stone (30 gal). However, several minerals 
with relatively low production values also used more than 
300 gal per dollar of mine production. Among these, 
vanadium used 340 gal, feldspar, 440 gal, and placer gold, 
600 gal. On the whole, metal mines used 160 gal and 
nonmetal mines 110 gal for each dollar of mine production. 



WATER USE, BY STATE AND TYPE OF WATER 

Generally, water usage (new or recirculated) by in- 
dividual States depends on the minerals produced, type of 
production process, and availability of water. During 
1984, Florida was by far the largest user, accounting for 
about one-third of all water used in metal and nonmetal 
mines in the United States (fig. 12). Almost 90% of this 
water was used in the phosphate rock industry. The next 
largest users of water were Minnesota, which accounted 
for 20% of all water used, and Michigan (10%). About 98% 
of the water in Minnesota and 89% in Michigan was used in 
the iron ore industry. Three Western States — Arizona, 
New Mexico, and Utah— together utilized about 10% of all 
water. Almost 88% of the water in these three States was 
used in the copper industry. Individually, the next four 
largest users were North Carolina, which accounted for 6% 
of all water used, California (3%), Texas (2%), and Illinois 
(2%). Most of the water in North Carolina was used in 



1,000 r 



800 



(O 

o 



o 

Q 
O 

a: 

Q. 



600 



400 



200 






Copper 



Iron ore 



Phosphate 
rock 



Sand and 
gravel 

Figure 8.— Crude ore production, 1984. 



Stone 



other 



11 



7.000 p 



6.000 r 



5,000 r 



° 4,000 E- 



■o 
o 



ui" 3.000 

_i 



2,000 E- 



1,000 7 



r 






I 




7 












: 






y 
« 






7 






^^ 






7 


» 
« 














B 







Copper Iron ore Phosphate Sand and Stone 

rock grovel 

Figure 9.— Value of mine production, 1984. 



Other 



4.000 



o> 3,000 



z 
o 



o 

X 

tn 

a: 2.000 

UI 
D. 

UJ 

(n 
a: 

UJ 

I 1 .000 



P?l 







Copper 




»^^^^^:v-^ 



KEY 



New 
3 woter 



^// Recirculated 
/a water 







Water 
discharged 

Water 
consumed 



_ZZBZ2ks=sb. 




iron ore 



Phosphate 
rock 



Sand and 
gravel 
Figure 10.— Water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1984, 



Stone 



Other 



12 



o 



600 r 



500 



400 



o 
a 

on 

UJ 300 

D- 

tn 



a: 



200 



100 



7? 

4a 



^ 



I 



; 




KEY 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 



r^ Water 
discharged 



S 



Water 
consumed 



Wf^ 



PS?r7>r^i — t?SaZh^i.^ 



Copper 



Iron ore 



Phosphate 
rock 



Sand and 
gravel 
Figure 1 1 .—Water use per dollar of mine production, 1 984 



Stone 



Other 



700 r 



600 r 





500 


o 




CP 




en 




o 






400 


lJ 




t/i 




ZD 




or 


300 


u 





200 r 



100 r 



4 ^ m ^ 



AZ 



CA 




FL 



IL 



rP^ m i 



Ml 




KEY 



New 
water 



7^ Recirculated 
yj water 



^ 




Water 
discharged 

Water 
consumed 



P^^ ^ 



k. 



[?j^ gjxn 




MN 



NM 



NC 



TX 



UT Other 



Figure 12.— Water use, by State, 1984. 



13 



phosphate rock production. The production of sand and 
gravel and sodium compounds used more than three- 
fourths of the water in California. Most of the water in 
Illinois and Texas was used in the production of crushed 
stone and sand and gravel. 

The States that utilized the most water also accounted 
for most of the water recirculated. About 85% of the water 
used in Florida, 89% in Michigan, and 86% in Minnesota 
was recirculated. 

States in the arid West consumed a substantial portion 
of their new water intake. These States included Arizona, 



Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and 
Wyoming. In Arizona, water consumption amounted to 
almost 85% of new water intake, mostly in the production 
of copper. 

Although new water withdrawals by the nonfuel 
minerals industry amounted to 571 billion gal during 
1984, this amount was negligible relative to withdrawals 
by other end-use sectors. New water withdrawals for all 
end uses by individual States in 1980 were derived from 
SoUey, Chase, and Mann (7), as shown in table 1. For the 
same end uses, new water withdrawals by these States in 



Table 1.— Population and new water withdrawals, by State, 1980 and 1984 



1980' 



1984 



State 



Population, IC^ 


Total withdrawals. 


Population, 10" 


Total withdrawals, 


persons 


10^ gal 


persons 


10^ gal 


3,890 


4,015 


3,989 


4,117 


403 


80 


505 


100 


2,718 


2,920 


3,072 


3,300 


2,920 


5,840 


2,346 


5,983 


23,669 


19,710 


25,795 


21,480 


2,889 


5,840 


3,190 


6,448 


3,108 


1,351 


3,155 


1.371 


595 


438 


614 


452 


9.740 


7,665 


11,050 


8.696 


5,464 


2,519 


5.842 


2,693 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


965 


913 


1,037 


981 


944 


6,570 


999 


6,953 


11,418 


6,570 


11,522 


6.630 


5,396 


5,110 


5,492 


5,201 


2,913 


1,570 


2,903 


1.564 


2,363 


2,409 


2,440 


2.487 


3,661 


1,752 


3,720 


1,780 


4,199 


4,745 


4,461 


5,041 


1,125 


584 


1,156 


600 


4,216 


2,811 


4,349 


2,899 


5,737 


2,154 


5,798 


2,176 


9,258 


5,475 


9,058 


5,357 


4,061 


1,132 


4,163 


1,160 


2,521 


1,278 


2,598 


1.317 


4,888 


2,519 


5,001 


2.577 


786 


4,015 


823 


4.204 


1,570 


4,380 


1,605 


4.478 


79 


1,314 


917 


1,508 


921 


365 


978 


388 


7,360 


3,650 


7,517 


3,728 


1,300 


1,424 


1,426 


1,562 


17,557 


6,205 


17,746 


6,272 


5,874 


2.957 


6,166 


3,104 


652 


475 


687 


500 


10,797 


5,110 


10,740 


5.083 


3.025 


657 


3,310 


719 


2,614 


2,482 


2,676 


2,541 


11,824 


5,840 


11,887 


5,871 


3,400 


1,168 


3,269 


1,123 


947 


183 


962 


185 


3,119 


2,263 


3,302 


2,396 


695 


252 


705 


255 


4,591 


3,650 


4,726 


3,757 


14,013 


7,665 


16,083 


8,797 


1,462 


1,679 


1,623 


1.864 


511 


124 


530 


128 


100 


14 


110 


15 


5,346 


3,541 


5,636 


3.733 


4,127 


3,030 


4,349 


3.192 


1,950 


2,044 


1,952 


2.046 


4,710 


2,117 


4.762 


2.140 


471 


1.971 


511 


2.138 



Nonfuel withdrawals 



10" gal 



% of total 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Guam 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire . . . 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Puerto Rico^ 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virgin Islands^ 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total or average . 



228,952 



164,669 



239,253 



173,090 



5.4 

6.3 

47.4 

1.9 

24.0 

4.4 

1.1 

.3 

110.4 

22.7 

.2 

.8 

2.4 

13.6 

3.7 

2.7 

7.3 

1.9 

12.5 

1.0 

2.4 

2.5 

26.9 

65.0 

2.0 

7.6 

2.7 

1.6 

10.5 

.7 

8.7 

18.3 

18.2 

27.3 

.8 

9.2 

1.6 

1.7 

11.2 

.1 

.2 

2.7 

.8 

15.0 

19.3 

26.7 

.5 

.0 

2.3 

3.6 

1.3 

2.8 

7.0 



571.2 



0.13 

6.30 

1.44 
.03 
.11 
.07 
.08 
.07 

1.27 
.84 

NAp 
.08 
.03 
.21 
.07 
.17 
.29 
.11 
.25 
.17 
.08 
.11 
.50 

5.60 
.15 
.29 
.06 
.04 
.70 
.18 
.23 

1.17 
.29 
.88 
.16 
.18 
.22 
.07 
.19 
.01 
.11 
.11 
.31 
.40 
.22 

1.43 
.39 
.00 
.06 
.11 
.06 
.13 
.33 



,33 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 
^ Solley, Chase, and Mann (7). 
U.S.-administered islands and commonwealth. 



14 



1984 were estimated from the observed change in pop- 
ulation. For example, the population in Alabama increased 
by about 2.5% from 1980 to 1984; it could then be assumed 
that new water withdrawals in Alabama increased by the 
same proportion during this period. A comparison of new 
water withdrawals by the nonfuel minerals industry with 
total new water withdrawals in each State during 1984 
seems to indicate that in all cases new water requir'^ments 
for the mineral sector were insignificant. On the whole, 
more than 80% of all new water withdrawals by all States 
was used in irrigation and thermoelectric power generation 



(table 2). The data in table 2 were derived on the assump- 
tion that end-use patterns in individual States in 1984 re- 
mained unchanged from 1980. 

WATER USE, BY STATE AND TYPE OF 
OPERATION 

About 80% of all water used by the nonfuel minerals 
industry in Florida was in processing phosphate rock 
(fig. 13). Phosphate rock mining accounted for only 9% of 



Table 2.— New water use, by State and major end-use sectors, 1984, billion gallons 



State 



Public 
supply 



Rural 
uses 



Irrigation 



Thermo- 
electricity 



Industrial 
uses^ 



Total 



Alabama 238 

Alaska 24 

Arizona 232 

Arkansas 99 

California 1,636 

Colorado 242 

Connecticut 133 

Delaware 29 

Florida 568 

Georgia 300 

Guam^ NA 

Hawaii 78 

Idaho 60 

Illinois 667 

Indiana 219 

Iowa 113 

Kansas 110 

Kentucky 128 

Louisiana 242 

Maine 39 

Maryland 184 

Massachusetts 294 

Michigan 440 

Minnesota 166 

Mississippi 108 

Missouri 276 

Montana 51 

Nebraska 97 

Nevada 96 

New Hampshire 34 

New Jersey 395 

New Mexico 83 

New York 833 

North Carolina 218 

North Dakota 23 

Ohio 526 

Oklahoma 119 

Oregon 86 

Pennsylvania 566 

Puerto Rico^ 121 

Rhode Island 48 

South Carolina 136 

South Dakota 28 

Tennessee 190 

Texas 1,598 

Utah 304 

Vermont 18 

Virgin Islands 2 

Virginia 232 

Washington 311 

West Virginia 65 

Wisconsin 212 

Wyoming 32 

Total 13,049 

NA Not available. 

^Including mining and minerals processing. 

^U.S. -administered islands and commonwealth. 



72 


13 


3,294 


500 


4,117 


.5 





13 


58 


100 


18 


2.947 


37 


66 


3,300 


45 


1,945 


3,699 


195 


5,983 


91 


14.768 


4,470 


515 


21,480 


85 


5,751 


70 


300 


6,448 


20 


8 


1,110 


100 


1,371 


10 


2 


255 


156 


452 


125 


1.216 


6,447 


340 


8,696 


66 


226 


1,780 


321 


2,693 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


4 


355 


523 


21 


981 


26 


6,035 


2 


830 


6,953 


54 


41 


5,187 


681 


6,630 


61 


87 


3,663 


1,171 


5,201 


67 


20 


1,164 


200 


1,564 


55 


2,122 


133 


67 


2,487 


36 


2 


1,497 


117 


1,780 


29 


874 


2,415 


1,481 


5,041 


11 


2 


292 


256 


600 


23 


8 


2,441 


243 


2.889 


12 


7 


1,726 


137 


2,176 


62 


71 


4,065 


719 


5,357 


71 . 


60 


641 


222 


1,160 


18 


366 


597 


228 


1,317 


59 


49 


2,079 


114 


2,577 


32 


4,014 


66 


41 


4.204 


63 


3,472 


821 


25 


4,478 


10 


1,300 


39 


63 


1,508 


4 


1 


268 


81 


388 


28 


20 


2,658 


627 


3,728 


21 


1,397 


26 


35 


1,562 


71 


17 


4,885 


466 


6,272 


68 


50 


1,646 


1,122 


3,104 


12 


107 


355 


3 


500 


48 


2 


3,756 


751 


5,083 


37 


346 


72 


145 


719 


65 


2,196 


8 


186 


2,541 


80 


60 


3,807 


1,358 


5,871 


12 


107 


520 


363 


1,123 


2 


2 


121 


12 


185 


34 


21 


2,016 


189 


2,396 


42 


167 


2 


16 


255 


32 


4 


2,899 


632 


3,757 


168 


3,532 


2,729 


770 


8,797 


28 


1,296 


28 


208 


1,864 


11 


1 


93 


5 


128 


1 





12 





15 


69 


11 


3.208 


213 


3,733 


22 


2,461 


1 


397 


3,192 


10 


1 


1,669 


301 


2,046 


55 


32 


1,674 


167 


2,140 


10 


1,933 


87 


76 


2,138 



2,160 



59,525 



81,066 



17,290 



173,090 



15 



800 r 



700 



600 
% 500 



UJ 

^ 400 



a: 



300 
200 t 
100 





KEY 



p- 



Other 



^ 




Processing 
Mining 




^^ 




AZ CA FL IL Ml MN NM NC 

Figure 13.— Water use, by State and type of operation, 1984. 



TX 



UT Other 



total use in that State. In Michigan and Minnesota, 
practically all of the water was used in processing iron ore. 
Similarly, processing of copper ore was the major use of 
water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. And in Cali- 
fornia, Illinois, North Carolina, and Texas, the major use 
of water was in processing crushed stone, phosphate rock, 
sand and gravel, and sodium compounds. 



SOURCES OF NEW WATER, BY STATE 

The largest users of ground water were, in decreasing 
order of quantity, Florida, Arizona, North Carolina, Utah, 
and Georgia, together accounting for about 72% of all 
ground water used (fig. 14). Ground water sources 
represented 61% of the new water intake in Arizona, 49% in 
Florida, 71% in Georgia, 87% in North Carolina, and 88% in 
Utah. 

Florida was also the largest user of mine water, 
followed by Minnesota, New Mexico, California, Penn- 
sylvania, and Texas. Together, these States accounted for 
51% of all mine water used. Mine water represented 28% of 
the new water intake in California, 11% in Florida, 17% in 
Minnesota, 47% in New Mexico, 58% in Pennsylvania, and 
21% in Texas. 

In contrast, Tennessee was the largest user ot stream 
and river water, followed by Michigan, Arizona, Illinois, 
and Louisiana. Together, they accounted for 50% of all 
stream and river water used. This source of water provided 
21% of the new water intake in Arizona, 55% in Illinois, 54% 
in Louisiana, 43% in Michigan, and 80% in Tennessee. 

Nearly one-half of all lake and reservoir water used 
was in Minnesota. The next largest users of lake and 



reservoir water were Michigan, New York, and New 
Jersey, together accounting for 26% of total. This source of 
water provided 42% of new water intake in Michigan, 79% 
in Minnesota, 82% in New Jersey, and 59% in New York. 
Almost 67% of all water derived from miscellaneous 
sources was used in Florida. While some of this water was 
from public water systems, most of the remainder was 
from unspecified sources. 

WATER TREATMENT, BY STATE 

Treatment of water prior to use, recirculation, or 
discharge in individual States is largely a reflection of the 
pattern of usage and the quality of water being used or 
discharged. By and large. States using the most water for 
mining or processing are likely to treat large amounts of 
this water prior to use. Similarly, States with stringent 
quality standards for wastewater are likely to treat mine 
or plant effluents prior to discharge into the environment. 

During 1984, the three largest users— Florida, Michi- 
gan, and Minnesota — treated 96%, 98%, and 66%, respec- 
tively, of their recirculated water prior to use in proces- 
sing phosphate rock and iron ore (fig. 15). About 41% of 
the new water in Florida, 24% in Michigan, and 9% in 
Minnesota was treated prior to use. The lower percentage 
for new water treated in Minnesota was probably a 
reflection of the relatively large amount of good quality 
intake from lakes and reservoirs. More than 87% of all 
water discharged in Florida and 65% in Michigan was 
treated, presumably to comply with State and local water 
quality standards. Only 19% of discharge water in Min- 
nesota was treated. 



16 



200 r 



o 

^ 150 

o 



CO 
UJ 

o 

a: 

O 



a: 

i 



100 



50 




b^ 




KEY 



s 



^ 



D 



other 

Ground 
water 

Mine 
water 

Lake or 
reservoir 

Stream or 
river 



:sss 



m.^ 





AZ CA FL IL Ml MN NM NC 

Figure 14.— Sources of new water, by State, 1984. 



TX 




UT other 



600 



500 



o 




CT> 




O) 


400 


O 




r- 




Q 




LiJ 

1- 


300 


^ 




OH 




h- 




rr 




Ld 


200 



100 



^ J^ 



n^ 



I 



jsJLt 



^H. 



jsH. 



KEY 



^ 



^ 




New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 

Water 
discharged 



^ 



"->" 



""^^ ^~^^ gy^/ k-'T^ 



ffi 



AZ 



CA 



FL 
Figure 



IL 



Ml 



MN NM 



NC 



TX 



UT Other 



15.— Types of water treated, by State, 1984. 



17 



In the copper industry of Arizona, y6% of its new 
water, 71% of its recirculated water, and a minor amount 
of its discharge water was treated. New Mexico's copper 
industry treated 61% of its new water intake, 90% of its 
recirculated water, and 42% of its discharge water. In 
Utah, the copper industry treated only 23%^ of its new 
water but most of its recirculated and discharge water. 

Other States with substantial amounts of water 
treatment included California, Louisiana, New Jersey, 
and Texas. Thirty-four percent of new water, 82% of 



recirculated water, and 66% of discharge water were 
treated prior to use or discharge in California. In Louisiana, 
51% of new water, 10% of recirculated water, and 61% of 
discharge water were treated. In Texas, 52% of discharge 
water was treated, compared with 77% of new water and 
30% of recirculated water. 

Although a large amount of water was used in North 
Carolina, only 7% of its new water, 9% of its recirculated 
water, and 32% of its discharge water received some form 
of treatment prior to use or discharge. 



WATER USE TRENDS 



In order to examine trends in water utilization in the 
domestic nonfuel minerals industry, data from this canvass 
were combined with those from an earlier Bureau of Mines 
canvass (12) as well as with data from the Bureau of the 
Census {8-11). However, some comments on the complete- 
ness, comparability, and consistency of the available data 
should be noted. 

Inasmuch as the data encompassed water use only for 
the years 1954, 1962, 1968, 1973, 1983, and 1984, they did 
not provide for an adequate or complete time series from 
which meaningful statistical inferences could be drawn. 

The Bureau of the Census utilized a 10% sample of all 
metal and nonmetal mines in each of its canvasses. These 
mines each had a water intake exceeding 20 million gal 
and together accounted for about 95% of total estimated 
water use in the nonfuel minerals industry. In contrast, the 
earlier of the two Bureau of Mines canvasses covered all 
mines known to have been in production during 1962, 
regardless of tonnage produced or water usage. In the 
Bureau's more recent canvass, mines were selected based 
solely on their crude ore production, regardless of their 
water usage. These differences in sampling procedure 
could possibly account for some of the observed incom- 
parability in the water use data from one sample year to 
the next. 

For all canvass years, the Bureau of the Census data 
on water discharge included water that was discharged 
during mine dewatering but not actually used in mining, 
processing, or related operations. As a result, the amount 
of water consumed in those years could not be correctly 
estimated, and no attempt has been made to examine 
trends in water consumption or water discharge. 

For 1978, the sum of new water and recirculated 
water did not add to total water used in the Bureau of the 
Census data. Some minor subtractions from the amount of 
recirculated water were therefore made by the author to 
correct these discrepancies. 



WATER USE TRENDS, BY COMMODITY 

In the 25 yr since the first Bureau of Mines canvass, 
the mineral industry has undergone substantial change, in 
both the nature and scale of operations. Lower grade ores, 
such as in porphyry copper, have led to the mining and 
processing of larger tonnages, thus increasing the demand 
for water. Similarly, the depletion of direct-shipping iron 
ore in Minnesota resulted in the development of new 



technology for processing vast amounts of low-grade 
taconites. In recent times, there has been some increase in 
water usage in the solution mining of potash, the leaching 
of copper and gold, and the slurry transportation of 
phosphate rock. Also, State and local environmental regu- 
lations pertaining to discharge water quality have en- 
couraged greater recycling as an economic alternative to 
water treatment prior to discharge. In some localities 
where water is scarce and subject to competing demands, 
there is an added incentive for mine operators to adopt 
recycling as a means of conserving water. Singly or in 
combination, all of these factors can be said to have 
governed water use patterns in the nonfuel minerals 
industry over the past 25 yr, and they will no doubt 
continue to do so into the future. 

Over the period 1954-84, production of copper, .iron 
ore, phosphate rock, sand and gravel, and stone together 
accounted for 73% to 90% of total water use, 89% to 92% of 
crude ore produced, and 62% to 72% of the value of mine 
production. While several metals and nonmetals, such as 
gold and silver, lead and zinc, clays, and potash and 
sodium carbonate, also had large values of mine produc- 
tion, their water usage and crude ore tonnage were 
relatively insignificant. Hence, the discussion that follows 
will focus largely on copper, iron ore, phosphate rock, sand 
and gravel, and stone. 

Copper 

Total water use in copper mines rose from 83 billion 
gal in 1954 to 496 billion gal in 1973, after which it fell to 
202 billion gal in 1984 (fig. 16). This trend in water use 
roughly paralleled the growth and decline in crude ore 
production and mine value (fig. 17). The amount of water 
recirculated increased from 29% of total water use in 1954 
to 80% in 1978 before declining to about 60% in 1984. 

Water use per short ton of crude ore appeared to peak 
at 2,570 gal in 1968, followed by a steady decline to some 
1,040 gal in 1984 (fig. 18). While water use per dollar of 
mine production also peaked in 1968, its decline thereafter 
was somewhat more erratic (fig. 19). Between 1978 and 
1984, water use per dollar ranged from 122 to 131 gal. 

Iron Ore 

Total water use reached its maximum (849 billion gal) 
in 1973 (fig. 20), although iron ore production and value in 
1978 were higher than in 1973 (fig. 21). For the most part, 



18 



however, water use rose and fell with crude ore production 
and mine value. From 1954 to 1978, the amount of water 
recirculated was between 48% and 58% of total water use, 
but in 1983 and 1984 it increased to about 90%, most likely 
becauseof successful implementation of water conservation 
practices during these 2 yr. 

After reaching a peak of 3,480 gal in 1973, water use 
per short ton of crude ore fell to 2,860 gal in 1978, followed 
by a gradual increase to 3,700 gal in 1984 (fig. 22). The 
same general trend was also apparent in water use per 
dollar of mine production (fig. 23). 

Phosphate Rock 

Total water use in phosphate rock production (fig. 24) 
appeared to rise and fall with crude ore production and 
value during 1954-73 (fig. 25). In 1978 water use actually 
fell even when production and value increased, while in 
1983 it increased in the face of declining production and 
value. Finally, it rose once again with rising production 
and value, and attained its maximum level of 780 billion 
gal in 1984. Between 1954 and 1978, recirculated water 
accounted for about 52% to 72% of total water use, but this 
ratio increased to over 85% in 1983 and 1984, offsetting the 
net decline in new water use in these years. The significant 
increase in 1983-84 could be ascribed to successful con- 
servation practices implemented by the industry during 
those years. 

Water use per short ton of crude ore attained its 
maximum of 6, 1 10 gal in 1962, after which it declined to its 
minimum of 1,900 gal in 1978 (fig. 26). From 1978 to 1984 
water use per short ton appeared to increase steadily once 
again, reaching 4,280 gal in 1984. Water use per dollar of 
production reached its highest level of 860 gal in 1973, fell 
to its lowest level of 260 gal in 1978, and rose steadily 
thereafter to 660 gal in 1984 (fig. 27). 

Sand And Gravel 



Water use per short ton of crude ore steadily decreased 
from 150 gal in 1954 to 60 gal in 1973, after which it 
increased steadily to 130 gal in 1984 (fig. 34). Water use 
per dollar of production also followed a similar trend 
(fig. 35). 

All Nonfuel Minerals 

For the most part, total water use in the nonfuel 
minerals industry (fig. 36) roughly paralleled crude ore 
production and mine value (fig. 37). However, new water 
intake steadily fell from 61% of total water use in 1954 to 
25% in 1984, clearly indicating a decline in its importance 
relative to recirculated water in the nonfuel minerals 
industry. 

New water withdrawals in billion gallons per day and 
per year for all offstream uses in the United States during 
the period 1950-80 were estimated by Solley, Chase, and 
Mann (7) as shown in table 3. Interpolating between years 
and comparing with new water intake in the nonfuel 
minerals industry, it could be seen that uses of water in the 
nonfuel minerals sector accounted for less than 1% of water 
withdrawn for all offstream uses, and this ratio had been 
declining steadily since 1968 (table 4). 



Table 3.— New water withdrawals for all 
U.S. offstream uses (7), billion gallons 



Year 



Per day 



Per year 



1950 
1955 
1960 
1965 
1970 
1975 
1980 



180 


66,000 


240 


88,000 


270 


99,000 


310 


113,000 


370 


135,000 


420 


153,000 


450 


164,000 



Total water use in sand and gravel operations rose 
from 260 billion gal in 1954 to 340 billion gal in 1962 
(fig. 28); it then fell to 178 billion gal in 1968 even as 
production and value were increasing (fig. 29). From 
1968 through 1984, water use rose and fell with production 
and value. In contrast to copper, iron ore, and phosphate 
rock production, new water use in sand and gravel 
production appeared to exceed recirculated water use for 
most years. 

Water use per short ton of crude ore fell from 470 gal 
in 1954 to 220 gal in 1968, after which it gradually 
increased to 320 gallons in 1984 (fig. 30). The same 
general trend could also be observed for water use per 
dollar of production (fig. 31). 



1954 
1962 
1968 
1973 
1978 
1983 
1984 



Table 4.— Mineral sector use of water 



Year 



Use, 10- 


gal 


Mineral 




Mineral 


sector 


All 


sector 


use, % 


84,000 


507 


0.6 


105,000 


758 


.7 


125,000 


982 


.8 


146,000 


956 


.7 


160,000 


855 


.5 


170,000 


548 


.3 


173,000 


571 


.3 



Stone 

For the most part, total water use in stone production 
(fig. 32) generally increased and decreased with produc- 
tion and value (fig. 33), with the largest increase in 1984 
seemingly anomalous. As with sand and gravel, new water 
use in stone operations appeared to exceed recirculated 
water use for most years. 



Water use per short ton of nonfuel minerals production 
rose from about 720 gal in 1962 (data for 1954 not 
available) to 870 gal in 1968 and then fell to 720 gal in 1973, 
after which it steadily rose to 890 gal in 1984 (fig. 38). 
Water use per dollar of mine production increased sharply 
from 60 gal in 1954 to 110 gal in 1962 and then declined to 
about 100 gal in 1978, after which it increased once again 
to over 120 gal in 1984 (fig. 39). 



19 



500 r 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 

Figure 16.— Copper industry water use, 1954-84. 



1983 



1984 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 1 7.— Copper Industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84. 



1984 



20 



o 

■£ 

o 



0^ 



3.000 r 



2,500 z 



2.000 r 



Q:: 

o 

X 

^ 1 .500 
q:: 

UJ 
Q. 



^ 1 .000 



500 - 




1954 1962 1968 

Figure 18.— Copper industry water use 



1973 1978 1983 

per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84. 



1984 



200 r 



150 - 



o 

of 

_J 
o 
a 



00 

^ 100 
[£. 

UJ 
Q. 



UJ 
(/) 

ID 



50 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 19.— Copper industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84. 



1984 



21 



1.000 



800 - 







en 
o 


600 


«- 




iJ 

3 




01 

LiJ 


400 



200 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 

Figure 20.— Iron ore Industry water use, 1954-84. 



1983 



1984 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 21.— Iron ore Industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84. 



1984 



22 



4,000 






o 

X 

UJ 
Q- 

LU 
LU 



3,000 



2,000 



1,000 



KEY 

New 
water 



Recirculated 
/j. water 



Total 
water 



i 




1 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 22.— Iron ore Industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84. 



I 



\A 



1984 



400 



300 



o 
a» 

of 

_i 
o 
a 



00 

o) 200 

Or: 
iij 

Q. 

UJ 

ID 



UJ 

I 



100 



KEY 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 

Total 
water 



- g?5C^ 



Vy 



<A 




v. 



^ 



'^ 



P 



1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 23.— Iron ore Industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84. 



1984 



23 



800 r 



600 - 



o 
o 



Uj 400 



a: 

I 



200 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 

Figure 24.— Phosphate rock Industry water use, 1954-84. 



1983 



1984 



200 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 25.— Phosphate rock industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84. 



1984 



24 



8,000 r 



o 



6.000 



01 

o 

X 

a: 4,000 

ui 

a. 

UJ 

(/) 

a: 

^ 2,000 



i 




KEY 



D 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 

Total 
water 



i 



I 



1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 26.— Phosphate rock Industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84. 






Z 




1984 



a 



LL. 

g 

o 
a 



00 



a: 

UJ 

a. 

UJ 
U) 

o: 

UI 



1,000 c- 



800 - 



600 - 



400 - 



200 



KEY 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 27.— Phosphate rocic Industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84. 



1984 



25 



400 r 



300 - 



o 

CD 
O 



Vi 

tr 

UJ 

I 



200 - 



100 - 



1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 

Figure 28.— Sand and gravel industry water use, 1954-84. 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 




1983 



1984 



01 

L. 

JO 

"5 
•o 

■<*• 

00 
O) 

00 

o 



liJ 

15 



-o 

c 
o 



flO 

o 



o 

g 

a 
o 
a: 

£L 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 29.— Sand and gravei Industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84. 



1984 



26 



500 r 



o 400 



a: 
o 

X 

(/) 
a: 

UJ 
CL 

UJ 

a: 

UJ 



300 - 



200 - 



100 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 30.— Sand and gravel industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84. 



1984 



150 r 



o 



o 
a 

CO 



UJ 
Q- 

LJ 

(/) 

ID 

oe: 

UJ 



100 - 



50 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 1984 

Figure 31.— Sand and gravel industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84. 



27 



o 

en 
o 



UJ 
tr 

UJ 



150 r 



120 - 



90 - 



60 



30 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 

Figure 32.— Stone industry water use, 1954-84. 



1983 



1984 



00 
o 



50 r 



40 - 



CO 

L. 

a 

■5 

T3 

'^ 
03 
05 

00 
O 



Lu 30 

_i 

c 
o 



20 - 



^ 10 - 



o 

a 
o 

on 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 33.— Stone industry crude ore production and mine vaiue, 1954-84. 



1984 



28 






a: 
o 

X 

(/) 

a: 

LU 
Q_ 

UJ 
CO 

q: 

UJ 



150 r 



120 - 



90 - 



60 - 



30 - 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 34.— Stone industry water use per short ton of crude ore production, 1954-84. 



1C84 



40 



o 

of 

o 

CO 



ad 

UJ 
Q. 

UJ 

m 
ad 

UJ 



30 - 



20 - 



10 - 



1 New 
j water 



Recirculated 
water 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 35.— Stone industry water use per 1984 doilar of mine production, 1954-84. 



1984 



29 



2.500 r 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 

Figure 36.— Nonfuel minerals industry water use, 1954-84. 



1983 



1984 



40 r 



CO 

"o 
en 



- 50 



en 
o 



_l 
< 
> 

XI 

c 

D 



oo 
o 



o 

(- 
o 

Q 
O 



20 



10 



NOTE : Production data for 1954 
not available 



KEY 



Crude ore 
production 

Mine 
value 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 37.— Nonfuel minerals Industry crude ore production and mine value, 1954-84. 



1984 



30 



1.000 r 



KEY 






01 

o 

X 

(/) 
ir 

LlJ 
Q_ 

LiJ 
CO 

Z3 

ct: 

UJ 




800 



600 



400 



200 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
water 



NOTE : Production data for 1954 
not available 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 1984 

Figure 38.— Nonfuel minerals industry water use per sliort ton of crude ore production, 1954-84. 



of 

_j 

o 

o 



00 



a: 

UJ 
Q. 

(/J 

Z) 

a: 
111 



150 r 



120 




1954 1962 1968 1973 1978 1983 

Figure 39.— Nonfuel minerals industry water use per 1984 dollar of mine production, 1954-84. 



1984 



31 



WATER USE TRENDS, BY STATE 

Trends in water usage by individual States could not 
be meaningfully analyzed because data from the Bureau 
of the Census were not disaggregated among fuel and 
nonfuel minerals at the State level. However, a comparison 
can be made between Bureau of Mines data for 1962 and 
1984. 

During 1962, the nonfuel minerals industry used 
1,487 billion gal of water, of which 758 billion gal was new 
water and 729 billion gal recirculated water. Ten States 
accounted for about 70% of total water used (29). These 
were, in decreasing order, Florida, Minnesota, Tennessee, 
Michigan, California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, Ohio, 
and Utah (fig. 40). In comparison, 571 billion gal of new 
water and 1,696 billion gal of recirculated water were used 
by the industry during 1984. Ten States accounted for 85% 
of total water used. In decreasing order, they were Florida, 
Minnesota, Michigan, North Carolina, Arizona, California, 
Texas, Utah, New Mexico, and Illinois (fig. 12). 

The decline in new water use and the increase in water 
recirculation reflected their relative importance to the 
nonfuel minerals industry during the two time periods. 



Notably, most of the increase in total water usage was 
accounted for by Arizona, Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, 
and North Carolina. These increases were the result of an 
increase in the production of copper in Arizona, phosphate 
rock in Florida and North Carolina, and taconites in 
Michigan and Minnesota. 

For a good number of individual States, however, 
there were sharp relative declines in water use. To some 
extent, some of these declines could be ascribed to decreases 
in the production of crushed stone and sand and gravel in 
these States. In other States, the underlying causes of the 
declines were varied and included decreases in the pro- 
duction of gold in Alaska, bauxite in Arkansas, molyb- 
denum and uranium in Colorado, lead and zinc in Idaho, 
copper in Montana, and iron ore in Pennsylvania. The 
single largest decline in water usage in Tennessee could 
not be readily explained at this time. 

For the most part, there were substantial decreases in 
the amount of water discharged in a majority of States, 
possibly in compliance with State and local environmental 
regulations. On the other hand, the amount of water 
consumed more than doubled, largely through product 
incorporation and evaporation. 



o 
o 



Ld 
(/) 

ID 

Dl 
Ld 



300 r 



250 



200 



150 7 



100 



50 









X/N 

x/\ 
x/\ 

x/N 



mS r. m ^ 




KEY 



New 
water 

Recirculated 
!Zl water 



;V^ Water 
\Vi discharged 



Water 
consumed 






L4inf7 



^ ifl. ^ 



AZ 



CA 



FL 



Mi 



MN 



NM 



OH IN 



TX 



UT Other 



Figure 40.— Water use, by State, 1962 [29). 



32 



WATER USE IN THE NONFUEL MINERALS INDUSTRY IN 2000 



Because of data inadequacy, estimates of future water 
use could be made only for a selected number of metallic 
and nonmetallic minerals. Even so, the estimates were 
derived from a simple nonstatistical methodology described 
herein. 

First, an average intensity-of-use index was calculated 
for each commodity. This index was obtained by dividing 
the sum of water use (new, recirculated, or total) by the 
sum of crude ore production over the period 1983-84. 
Results of these computations are shown in table 5. 

Next, crude ore production in the year 2000 was 
estimated based on the projections of marketable mine 
production given in table 6 (30). It was assumed that the 
rate of growth in crude ore production would parallel that 
in marketable production from 1983 to 2000. Crude ore 
estimates for 2000 would be as shown in table 7. 

Applying the average intensity-of-use indices to pro- 
jected crude ore production then gave estimates of water 
use in the nonfuel minerals industry in 2000 (table 8). 
Total water use in the nonfuel minerals industry was 
estimated at 2,679 billion gal in 2000, of which 30% would 
be new water and 70% recirculated water. About 82% of all 
water would be used in producing copper, crushed stone, 
iron ore, phosphate rock, and sand and gravel. Compared 
with 1984 water usage, there would be a slight increase in 
new water use relative to recirculated water. This would 
be due primarily to the increase in the production of sand 
and gravel and of crushed stone, both of which use 
proportionately more new water than recirculated water 
for each ton of output. Largely because of its projected 
high rate of growth in production, the iron ore industry 
would surpass the phosphate rock industry in total water 
use in the year 2000. 



Table 5. — Average water use per short ton of crude ore 
production, 1983-84, gallons 



Table 6.— Mine production In 1983 and 2000 



Commodity 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Total 



Metals: 

Copper 400 

Gold and silver 183 

Iron ore 373 

Lead and zinc^ 430 

Uranium-vanadium 1 ,346 

Other metals 359 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates. . . 

Rock salt^ 

Sand and gravel 

Stone 

Sulfur^ 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel 
minerals 232 



652 


1,092 


190 


373 


3,159 


3,532 


167 


597 


492 


1,838 


1,304 


1,663 



387 


1,469 


1,856 


493 


196 


689 


551 


3,375 


3,926 


953 


3,009 


3,962 


238 


258 


496 


167 


140 


307 


62 


42 


104 


1,854 


1,268 


3.122 


1,311 


404 


1,715 


197 


403 


600 



604 



836 



Commodity 



Production 



1983 



2000 « 



Change, 

% 



Metals: 

Copper 10^ mt.. 1,038 

Gold lO^troz.. 1,957 

Iron 10^ st Fe content.. 27 

Lead 10^ mt Pb content.. 449 

Silver lO^troz.. 43 

Uranium-vanadium st V content.. 2,433 

Zinc 10^ mt.. 275 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 10^ St.. 40,983 

Phosphate rock 1 0^ mt.. 42,573 

Potash 10^ mt KjD equivalent.. 1 ,429 

Salt 10^ St.. 32,973 

Sand and gravel, 10^ st: 

Construction 655 

Industrial 26 

Sodium carbonate 10"^ St.. 8,467 

Stone: 

Crushed 10^ St.. 863 

Dimension 10^ St.. 1,186 

Sulfur 10^ mt.. 9,290 



1,400 


35 


4,500 


130 


50 


85 


620 


38 


50 


16 


9,200 


278 


700 


155 


70,000 


71 


46,400 


9 


1,300 


-9 


51,500 


56 


1,000 


53 


50 


92 


12,000 


42 


1,300 


51 


770 


-35 


15,700 


69 



Estimated. 



Table 7.— Crude ore production in 1983 and 2000 



Commodity 



Production, 10" st 



Change, % 



1983 



2000 



Metals: 

Copper : 196.0 

Gold 40.4 

Iron ore 128.0 

Lead 8.4 

Silver 9.5 

Uranium-vanadium 10.2 

Zinc 5.7 

Other metals 28.9 

Total 427.0 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 40.6 

Phosphate rock 141.0 

Potash 13.8 

Rock salt 10.1 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 655.1 

Industrial ^26.6 

Sodium carbonate, 

natural 6.7 

Stone: 

Crushed 868.0 

Dimension 2.6 

Sulfur, Frasch ■'4.5 

Other nonmetals 47.2 

Total 1,816.2 

Grand total or 

average 2,243 2 



264.6 


35 


92.9 


130 


236.8 


85 


11.6 


38 


11.0 


16 


38.6 


278 


14.5 


155 


2 48.6 


68 



718.6 



68 



69.4 


71 


153.7 


9 


12.6 


-9 


15.8 


56 


,002.3 


53 


51.1 


92 


9.5 


42 


,310.7 


51 


1.7 


-35 


7.6 


69 


^70.3 


49 



2,704.7 



49 



3,423.3 



53 



^1984 only. 



Estimates based on data in table 6. 
^Estimates based on aggregate change in foregoing commodities. 
•'Marketable production. 

NOTE:-Data may not add to totals shown owing to independent rounding. 



33 



Several assumptions were implicit in the foregoing 
estimates of future water use: 

Water use was determined solely by the level of crude 
ore production. 

No technological changes were to occur between 1983 
and 2000 to drastically alter water use patterns in the 
nonfuel minerals industry. 

Ore grades would remain unchanged through the end 
of the century. 

No major changes in State and local environmental 
regulations would occur that would have a significant 
impact on water use. 



Table 8.— Estimated water use in t>ie nonfuei minerals industry 
in 2000, billion gallons 



Commodity 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Total 



Metals; 

Copper 116 

Gold and silver 19 

Iron ore 88 

Lead and zinc 11 

Uranium-vanadium 52 

Other metals 17 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates, 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Total 

Grand total 810 



173 


289 


19 


38 


748 


836 


4 


15 


19 


71 


63 


80 



303 


1,026 


1,329 


34 


14 


48 


85 


519 


604 


21 


66 


87 


4 


4 


8 


176 


147 


323 


81 


55 


136 


14 


10 


24 


92 


28 


120 


507 


843 


1,350 





1,869 



2,679 



An average intensity-of-use index for each commodity 
over the period 1983-84 would apply for the remainder of 
the century. 

At the present time, it cannot be determined if the 
estimates for individual commodities are realistic, be- 
cause there are no comparative estimates from other 
sources. In the past, projections of future water use had 
been made by several public and private-sector organiza- 
tion, including the Senate Select Committee on National 
Water Resources (22), Resources for the Future (23), the 
National Water Commission (2^), the U.S. Water Resources 
Council (25, pp. 95-101) and the Senate Committee on 
Environment and Public Works (26). Most of the projec- 
tions were for new water withdrawals and consumption, 
based on anticipated growth in population, economic 
activity, and technology. However, no attempt had been 
made to estimate water use by individual commodities. 
Depending on the methodology employed, projections of 
future water use could differ considerably from one 
another. Thus, the Water Resources Council estimated 
freshwater withdrawal by metal mines at 1.36 billion 
gal/d (496 billion gal/yr) and by nonmetal mines at 6.12 
billion gal/d (2,234 billion gal/yr) in 2000. The total annual 
freshwater withdrawal of 2,730 billion gal is more than 
three times the Bureau's new water estimate shown in 
table 8. While earlier Bureau of Mines studies on water 
use in Montana (20), Nevada (19), New Mexico (18), and 
Wyoming (21) contained estimates of water requirements 
in the mineral industries in those States in the year 2000, 
these estimates could not be compared with those in 
table 8 because they pertained to a selected number of 
individual States only. Also, these estimates included 
water usage in smelting and refining of ores. 

The work of Kaufman and Nadler (12) illustrates the 
need for continual revisions in water use projections as 
new data become available. With 1962 as a base year, they 
developed mathematical expressions for estimating water 
use in the minerals industry to the year 1985 (table 9). A 
comparison of these estimates with average water use data 
for 1983-84 indicates the difficulty of correctly projecting 
water use more than 20 yr into the future. 



Table 9.— Average 1983-84 water use and estimated 1985 water use {12), billion gallons 







Average 1983-84 water use 






Estimated 1985 water use 




Commodity 


New 
water 


Recirculated 
water 


Total 


New 
water 


Recirculated 
water 


Total 


Copper 

Iron ore 

Phosphate rock 

Sand and gravel 

Other 


86 

57 

89 

124 

204 


127 
480 
545 

104 
194 


213 
537 
634 
228 
398 


176 
221 
343 
957 
388 


168 
229 
679 
437 
611 


344 

450 

1,022 

1,394 

999 


Total 


560 


1,450 


2,010 


2,085 


2,124 


4,209 



34 



WATER USE PROBLEMS AND ISSUES 



Current and potential problems associated with water 
use in the nonfuel minerals industry were not addressed in 
the water canvass, but based on published data, they 
appear to be generally related to water availability, water 
quality, and land use. Because copper, crushed stone, iron 
ore, phosphate rock, and sand and gravel are major users 
of water, the following discussion will focus largely on 
them. 



WATER AVAILABILITY 

Although a vast majority of respondents in the water 
canvass indicated their new water supplies to be adequate 
for 5 to 20 yr under conditions then existing, it could not be 
determined whether such supplies would be available in 
the future under a different set of political, economic, and 
demographic conditions. A case in point is Arizona, and 
Michigan provides another perspective. 

Arizona, which produces about 70% of the Nation's 
copper, has an arid climate and limited surface water 
resources. About 60% of the new water withdrawal in the 
State is derived from ground water resources, which are 
being depleted 1 . 7 times faster than they can be replenished 
(26). Overdraft of ground water is thus a serious problem 
throughout the State. In the Tucson area, near where the 
major copper producers are located, the ground water is 
subject to such competing uses as agriculture, mining, and 
public supply. Already, there are indications of strain 
among some users. In 1984, Anamax Mining Co., which 
operated a small solvent extraction-electrowinning plant 
at the Twin Buttes Mine, was sued by the U.S. Government, 
the Papago Indian Tribe, and others for allegedly with- 
drawing excessive amounts of surface and ground water 
from the Santa Cruz River Basin in derogation of plaintiffs' 
rights to it. The action resulted in the closure of the 
operation in 1985, with a loss of 156 jobs. 

It seems likely that ground water withdrawals will 
continue to increase in support of a growing population in 
the Tucson area. It seems likely also that ground water 
levels will continue to decline because withdrawal rates 
are expected to exceed recharge rates. As future water 
levels decline, pumping costs will increase, well capacities 
will be reduced, water quality will tend to deteriorate, and 
there is a potential for water rights to become an issue of 
major proportions. All this may have an adverse impact on 
future copper production in Arizona. 

The future of iron ore operations of Cleveland Cliffs, 
Inc. (CCI), at the Tilden Mine in Michigan seems likely to 
depend on the availability of an alternative water supply 
for the neighboring city of Ishpeming. In April 1987, CCI 
announced plans to relocate the mine north of the existing 
ore body in order to profitably exploit a higher grade 
magnetite deposit. The relocation would entail the draining 
of Schoolhouse and Foster Lakes (which overlie the deposit) 
and damming of the southeast end of Lake Ogden. Tilden 
Lake would be used for dumping stripped overburden. All 
of these lakes form the Lake Sally watershed, from which 
the city obtains its water supply. It is estimated that up to 
50% of the watershed would be depleted by the planned 
relocation of the mine. City council members have sug- 
gested that they would oppose the relocation if CCI were 
unable to provide the city with, financial assistance for the 
construction of a new water supply system. Iron ore 



production in Michigan, which accounts for about one- 
fourth of U.S. production, would be severely impacted 
should CCI be prevented from proceeding as planned. 



WATER QUALITY 

Enormous amounts of waste are generated annually 
in the processing of minerals, and they have to be disposed 
of in accordance with Federal, State, and local environ- 
mental regulations. These wastes are usually in the form of 
solid particles carried in discharge water from the proces- 
sing plants. 

In the longest and most historic environmental con- 
flict, the U.S. Department of Justice tried Reserve Mining 
Co. on August 1, 1973, for allegedly polluting Lake 
Superior with taconite tailings discharged from the 
company's plant at Silver Bay, MN. The trial lasted 
several years and resulted in Reserve Mining's agreement 
to construct a land disposal site about 4 miles from the 
Silver Bay plant. Completed in 1980, the disposal site, 
designated as "Milepost 7," required about 200 permits 
from State agencies and cost several hundred million 
dollars. The permits were granted subject to 12 stringent 
conditions designed to protect the environment and to 
mitigate the potential health threat from asbestiform 
fibers in the taconite. Covering an area of 5.8 mi^, the 
disposal site was designed to contain some 700 million st of 
tailings over a 40-yr period. When Reserve Mining went 
into Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1986, the Minnesota De- 
partment of Natural Resources estimated that it would 
cost up to $57 million to permanently close the site. 

In addition to containing solid material, most process 
water contains various amounts of chemical reagents that 
are used in the selective flotation of minerals. These 
reagents are potential pollutants and have to be removed 
from wastewater prior to discharge. The cost of pollution 
abatement can be considerable. In 1983, annual operating 
costs for pollution control amounted to $34.2 million in iron 
ore production, $27.3 million in phosphate rock, and $5.2 
million in copper ore (11). Because no chemical reagents 
were used in processing crushed stone and sand and 
gravel, total operating costs for pollution abatement in 
these industries amounted to only $6.4 million. Pollution 
control costs can generally be expected to increase with 
any foreseeable increase in mineral production. Costs will 
also increase with tighter effluent standards unless more 
efficient pollution control technologies can be developed 
and installed at existing facilities. 



LAND USE 

Large amounts of land are utilized in the nonfuel 
minerals industry for the dual purpose of solid waste 
disposal and water reclamation. After settlement of par- 
ticulate matter, water flowing out of the disposal site is 
recycled back to the processing plant for further use. In 
1983, some 32,000 acres of land were used for disposal of 
wastes from iron ore mines, 41,000 acres for wastes from 
phosphate rock mines, and 15,000 acres for wastes from 
copper mines (11). Crushed stone and sand and gravel 
together used about 10,000 acres. 



35 



Because crushed stone and sand and gravel operations 
are located near urban areas where most new residential 
and commercial construction takes place, the amount of 
land available for waste disposal can be severely limited 
by local zoning laws. The issue becomes a dichotomy 
between the need for urban construction and the production 
of construction materials that supports it. Doubtless, this 
issue will prevail far into the future unless alternative 
materials can be developed for building construction. 

Although most new waste disposal sites are designed 
and constructed according to rigid environmental stan- 
dards, some potential problems may yet be encountered. 
These include embankment failure and erosion by wind 
and rain, causing the release of large quantities of 
sediment into the environment. Where the waste contains 
sulfide ores, water percolating through it may result in 
acid drainage into surrounding areas. Constructing and 
maintaining a leakproof waste disposal site containing 
sulfide material can be a costly undertaking. 

Another large cost associated with waste disposal is 
land reclamation in accordance with bonded procedures 
agreed upon during the permitting process. Most States 
require mined land, including waste disposal sites, to be 
restored to its former or next higher use before a bond 
posted by the operator can be released. Largely because of 
this, many acres of previously mined land have been 
successfully reclaimed in recent years. But much work 
still remains to be done to expedite land reclamation in 
Florida. Phosphate slimes are estimated to cover more 
than 100,000 acres of land in Florida. Because of the 
nature of the slimes, particle settlement is slow, and 
successful reclamation usually takes several years. Thus, 
the operator's reclamation bond is tied up for a long period 
of time before it can be used for a new venture. In order to 
assist the phosphate industry in its reclamation efforts, the 
Bureau of Mines has been developing techniques for the 



large-scale dewatering of phosphate slimes (31). Industry 
itself appears to have made some progress in this endeavor. 
A dewatering process has been reported that will reclaim 
land for agricultural and livestock use in about 4 yr at a 
cost of $2,000 per acre (32). 

Another problem facing the phosphate rock industry 
in Florida is the preservation of wetlands. The State 
contains over 20% of the remaining wetlands in the United 
States, and these areas are being rapidly depleted by 
coastal development, agricultural drainage, and urban 
expansion. The preservation of remaining wetlands has 
become a primary concern among certain public and 
governmental groups, and has led regulatory agencies to 
restrict mining of swamps and marshes unless mitigative 
measures can be demonstratively employed, such as at 
Agrico's Fort Green Mine in Polk County. Thus, develop- 
ment of techniques for restoring wetlands may well be a 
top priority for the Florida phosphate rock industry in the 
future. 

Watershed preservation is also an issue in the phos- 
phate rock industry in Florida. After nearly 10 yr of 
attempts to obtain permits to develop the Duette deposit in 
Manatee County, Estech Inc. subsequently sold the 10,500- 
acre site to the county in 1985. Environmental concerns 
over the Lake Manatee watershed, which supplies Manatee 
and Sarasota Counties with drinking water, had delayed 
the development of the project. Manatee County purchased 
the property for a reported $26 million in order to protect 
the watershed. 

It can thus be seen that land use restraints and 
conflicts are typically the types of problems that are likely 
to be encountered in the disposal of water-bearing wastes. 
How well these problems can be satisfactorily resolved 
will determine the level of future production in the nonfuel 
minerals industry. 



SUMMARY 



Total water use in the domestic nonfuel minerals 
industry amounted to an estimated 2,267 billion gal in 
1984, of which 75% was recirculated water and 25% new 
water. Among all metallic and nonmetallic mineral in- 
dustries, the single largest user was the phosphate rock 
industry, which accounted for more than one-third of all 
water used. The next largest users were copper, crushed 
stone, iron ore, and sand and gravel industries, together 
accounting for 55% of the total. 

Among all States, Florida was by far the largest user, 
accounting for about one-third of all water used, most of it 
in its phosphate rock industry. The iron ore industry of 
Michigan and Minnesota used 30% of all water, while the 
coppej^ industry of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah used 
10%. Large amoun ts of water were also used in North 
Carolina (6% of total), California (3%), Texas (2%), and 
Illinois (2%). 

Between 1954 and 1984, new water use appeared to be 
declining and water recirculation increasing in their 
relative importance to the nonfuel minerals industry. For 



the most part, the increase in water recirculation could be 
ascribed to the processing of larger tonnages of low-grade 
ores, but some of the increase could also have been the 
result of economic and environmental considerations 
affecting new water use and discharge. 

Total water use in the nonfuel minerals industry was 
estimated to be 2,679 billion gal in the year 2000, of which 
30% would be new water and 70% recirculated water. More 
than 80% of the water would be used in producing copper, 
crushed stone, iron ore, phosphate rock, and sand and 
gravel. 

Current problems and issues associated with water 
use in the nonfuel minerals industry include water 
availability, water quality, and land use. Although tech- 
nology and institutional and regulatory procedures are 
already in place to solve some of these problems and issues, 
new approaches may be needed to solve others in order 
that production of copper, crushed stone, iron ore, 
phosphate rock, and sand and gravel can continue into the 
future. 



36 



REFERENCES 



1. MacKichan, K.A. Estimated Use of Water in the United 
States, 1950. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 115, 1951, 13 pp. 

2. Estimated Use of Water in the United States, 1955. 

U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 398, 1957, 18 pp. 

3. MacKichan, K.A., and J.C. Kammerer. Estimated Use of 
Water in the United States, 1960. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 456, 
1961, 26 pp. 

4. Murray, C.R. Estimated Use of Water In the United States, 
1965. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 556, 1968, 53 pp. 

5. Murray, C.R., and E.B. Reeves. Estimated Use of Water in 
the United States in 1970. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 676, 1972, 37 pp. 

6. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 

1975. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 765, 1977, 39 pp. 

7. Solley, W.B.. E.B. Chase, and W.B. Mann IV. Estimated 
Use of Water in the United States in 1980. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 
1001, 1983, 56pp. 

8. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Water Use in Mining. 1967 
Census of Mineral Industries, MIC 67(l)-2, 1971, 48 pp. 

9. Water Use in Mineral Industries. 1972 Census of 

Mineral Industries, MIC 72(l)-2, 1975, 65 pp. 

10. Water Use in Mineral Industries. 1977 Census of 

Mineral Industries, MIC 77-SR-4, 1981, 71 pp. 

11. Water Use in Mineral Industries. 1982 Census of 

Mineral Industries, MIC 82-S-4, 1985, 52 pp. 

12. Kaufman, A., and M. Nadler. Water Use in the Mineral 
Industry. BuMines IC 8285, 1966, 58 pp. 

13. Conklin, H.L. Water Requirements of the Aluminum 
Industry. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1330-C, 1956, 
pp. 102-137. 

14. Mussey, O.D. Water Requirements of the Copper Industry. 
U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1330-E, 1961, pp. 181-218. 

15. Walling, F.B., and L.E. Otts, Jr. Water Requirements of 
the Iron and Steel Industry. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply 
Paper 1330-H, 1967, pp. 341-.S94. 

16. Michaelson, S.D., B.H. Ensign, S.J. Hubbard, and A.W. 
Last. Water, a Raw Material for the Production of Copper. 
AIME preprint 60 H 98, 1960, 17 pp. 

17. Gilkey, M.M., and R.T. Beckman. Water Requirements 
and Uses in Arizona Mineral Industries. BuMines IC 8162, 1963, 
90 pp.. 

18. Gilkey, M.M., and R.B. Stotelmeyer. Water Requirements 
and Uses in New Mexico Mineral Industries. BuMines IC 8276, 
1965, 111 pp. 



19. Holmes, G.H., Jr. Water Requirements and Uses in Nevada 
Mineral Industries. BuMines IC 8288, 1966, 65 pp. 

20. Hale, W.N. Water Requirements and Uses in Montana 
Mineral Industries. BuMines IC 8305, 1966, 99 pp. 

21. Gilkey, M.M., and R.B. Stotelmeyer. Water Requirements 
and Uses in Wyoming Mineral Industries. BuMines IC 8328, 
1967, 92 pp. 

22. U.S. Senate. Report of the Select Committee on National 
Water Resources. 87th Congr., 1st sess.. Rep. 29, Jan. 1961, 147 
pp. 

23. Wollman, N., and G.E. Bonen (Resources for the Future, 
Inc.).The Outlook for Water— Quality, Quantity and National 
Growth. Johns Hopkins Press, 1971, 286 pp. 

24. National Water Commission. Water Policies for the Future. 
GPO, 1973, 579 pp. 

25. U.S. Water Resources Council. The Nation's Water 
Resources 1975-2000, Volume 2: Water Quantity, Quality, and 
Related Land Considerations. GPO, 1978, 531pp. 

26. U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. 
State and National Water Use Trends to the year 2000. 96th 
Congr., 2d sess.. Rep. 96-12, May 1980, 297 pp. 

27. Lofting, E.M., and H.C. Davies. Methods for Estimating 
and Projecting Water Demands for Water-Resource Planning. 
Climate, Climatic Change and Water Supply. Natl. Acad. Sci., 
1977, pp. 49-60. 

28. Martin, T.W., D.L. Edelstein, and G.H. Hyde. Mining and 
Quarrying Trends in the Metals and Industrial Minerals 
Industries. Ch. in BuMines Minerals Yearbook 1985, v. 1, pp. 
7-65. 

29. U.S. Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook 1963, v. 3, 2235 
pp. 

30. Mineral Facts and Problems, 1985 Edition. B675, 

1986, 936 pp. 

31. Smelley, A.G., and B.J. Scheiner. Large-Scale Dewatering 
of Phosphatic Clay Waste From Northern Florida. BuMines RI 
8928, 1985, 9 pp. 

32. U.S. Bureau of Mines. Minerals and Materials. A Bi- 
monthly Survey. June/July 1987, p. 24. 



37 



APPENDIX A.— CANVASS QUESTIONNAIRE 




UNITED STATES 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BUREAU OF MINES 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20241 



WATER USED IN THE 

NON-FUEL MINERAL INDUSTRY 

1984 



Form Approved 
O.M.B. No. 1032-0117 

INDIVIDUAL COMPANY 
DATA-PROPRIETARY 

Unless authorization js granted in the 
section above the signature, the data 
furnished in this report will be treated 
in confidence by the Department of 
the Interior, except that they rriay be 
disclosed to Federal defense agencies, 
or to the Congress upon official request 
for appropriate purposes. 



(Please correct if name or address has changed.) 



Coiieei.on oi m 


n-tu«l fm.>«r.l 


mforrti.t. 


on ■• •uihorlicd by Public 


Liw &2-3B6 in 


d the Dclenie P 


foduction 


^cl Thii intormalion ii UMd 


10 ■upporl t*e 


uiiue poller oe 


ci«>oni per 


a.rxnq Id •me>v«ncy 


ptcpaieanaia ■ 


d atitmt ano 


■niivei* to 


' mmeiali l»9>iliiion aiM) 


■nduil'ial trend 


1 The Bureau 


elie* on y 


ut ■eluniifr and umely 


rMponie to .. 


ure th.l itf .n 


orrtKl.on 


1 complete and accurate 



Please complete this form and return one copy to the Bureau of Mines in the enclosed envelope. Complete a separate form for 
each operating unit using reasonable estimates when exact data are not available. 



1. IDENTIFICATION AND LOCATION OF OPERATING UNIT. 

A. Name of operation 

B. Commodity 



C. Location; County. 



State. 



D. If the operation was inactive the entire year of 1984, check here | | sign, and return this form. 

2. MINING AND PROCESSING ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS REPORT (check all pertinent boxes). 

A. Mining Activities: 



I I Underground 

j I Open pit or strip 

I 1 Quarrying 

B. Processing Activities: 

I I Washing 

I I Crushing & grinding 

I I Screening 

I I Concentration 



I I Placer 

I I Dredging 

I I In-place leaching 

I I Cherriical extraction 

I I Roasting 

I I Sintering 

I I Retorting 



[ I Well or pumping operation 

|~~] Other (specify) 



I I Smelting 

I I Other (specify)- 



3. WATER USAGE DURING 1984. 

A. Was water used in the performance of activities checked in Section 2? (1) Yes | (2) No 

B. If not, sign and return form. 

C. If new water intake exceeded 1,000.000 gallons per year complete Section 4 through 9. 

(OVER) 



38 



4. NEW WATER BY SOURCE. Report quantity of new (intake or make-up) water brought into the mine or plant for the first time. 



Source 


Code 


Gallons 

per year 

(2) 




■:■:■.■;■;■:•;;:■:-:■; 


(1) 


■■■■■■:Myy^ 


. .■;■:■:-:-:-:■:■;•;•: 


Stream or river 


401 




■liili 


Lake or reservoir 


402 




■iliiii 


Mine water 


403 






Ground water 


404 




::>:::::i;;::;::: : 


Other (specify) 






■ . IIM^ 


TOTAL 


499 




i;iililiili 



5. ADEQUACY OF NEW WATER SUPPLY: Code 501 

A. Is your water supply adequate at present? (1) Yes O ; (2) No Q 

B. If yes, for how long do you believe your water supply will be adequate? ( check one) 5 years Q] : 10 years [^ ; 20 years [^ 

C. If supply IS not adequate, how much additional water would you require based on your present annual level of operation? 

gallons per year. 

6. RECIRCULATED WATER (report quantity of water ihat was recirculated or reused in the mine or plant for the purpose of 
conserving water); gallons per year. 

Code 601 

7. TOTAL WATER USED. Report total new water Section 4, plus recirculated water Section 6. 



Use 
(1) 


Code 


Gallons 

per year 
(2) 


llllll 


ill ■liiiiiiiiii:: iiililiiii 


Mining 


701 




i:W::- ■ ■■:4S*S*S*s;¥;*H;E;, ..: .....;...;■;.;, ,.. :^mUiimw;;M 


Processing 


702 






iiiiiiiilP --i 


Other (specify) 






lllllllll 


TOTAL 


799 





8. WATER DISPOSED. 







Gallons 


Disposed 




per year 


(1) 


Code 


(2) 


A. Water discharged from mine or plant 


801 




B. Water consumed (evaporation or lost in product; 






should equal new water (4) minus water discharged (8A) 


802 









9. WATER TREATED. Report percentage of each type of water treated (includes settling, filtering, areating, softening, 
precipitating, pH control, other). 



NEW WATER 



RECIRCULATED 



DISPOSED 



If you desire a copy of the published report, please check this box. | | 



Remarks 





Name of person to be contacted regarding this report 


Tel 


area code 


No. 


Ext. 


Address No. Street 


City 


State 


Zip 



May tabulations be published which could indirectly reveal the data reported above? 



Dd) Yes □ (2) No 



Signature 



APPENDIX B.— CANVASS COVERAGE 



Table B-1.— Canvass coverage, by number of operations and commodity, 1984 



39 



Commodity 



Operations 



Respondents 



Number 



% 



Commodity 



Operations 



Respondents 



Number 



% 



Metals: 

Antimony 

Bauxite 

Beryllium 

Copper 

Gold: 

Lode 

Placer 

Iron ore 

Lead 

Manganiferous ore. . 

Mercury 

Molybdenum 

Platinum 

Rare eerths 

Silver 

Tin 

Titanium (ilmenite).. 

Tungsten 

Uranium-vanadium . 

Zinc 

Zirconium 

Total or average 

Nonmetals: 

Aplite 

Asbestos 

Barite 

Bromine 

Calcium chloride . . . 

Clays 

Diatomite 

Feldspar 

Fluorspar 

Garnet 



1 

8 

1 

24 

52 

26 

22 

12 

3 

1 

4 

1 

1 

26 

1 

2 

3 

74 

12 

1 



275 



1 

2 

7 

5 

3 

243 

5 

11 

1 

- 1 



1 

6 

1 

20 

27 

17 

19 

10 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

16 

1 

2 

2 

55 

11 

1 



196 



1 
2 
4 
2 
3 
181 
5 
10 
1 
1 



100 
75 

100 
83 

52 

65 

86 

83 

67 

100 

50 

100 

100 

62 

100 

100 

67 

74 

92 

100 



71 



100 
100 

57 

40 
100 

74 
100 

91 
100 
100 



Nonmetals — Continued 

Gypsum 

Iodine 

Lithium minerals 

Magnesite and brucite 

Magnesium compounds . . . 

Mica, scrap 

Olivine 

Perlite 

Phosphate rock 

Potash 

Pumice 

Pyrophyllite ■ 

Salt: 

Evaporated 

Rock 

Salt in brine 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 

Industrial 

Soapstone 

Sodium carbonate, natural 
Sodium sulfate, natural ... 
Stone: 

Crushed 

Dimension 

Sulfur, Frasch 

Talc 

Tripoli 

Vermiculite 

Volcanic cinder 

Wollastonite 

Total or average 

Grand total or 
average 



57 
2 
1 
1 
8 
4 
3 
3 
38 
10 
4 
1 

29 
14 
33 

27 

77 

1 

6 

3 

2,261 
8 
7 
7 
1 
2 
12 
1 



2,890 



47 
2 
1 
1 
5 
4 
1 
3 

35 
8 
3 
1 

23 
13 
25 

10 

41 

1 

6 

2 

1,443 
5 
6 
5 
1 
2 
9 
1 



1,894 



27 

100 

100 

100 

63 

100 

33 

100 

92 

80 

75 

100 

79 
93 
76 

37 

53 

100 

100 

67 

64 

63 

86 

71 

100 

100 

75 

100 



66 



3,165 



2,090 



66 



Tabie B-2.— Canvass coverage, by number of operations and State, 1984 



State 


Operations 


Respondents 


State 


Operations 


Respondent 


s 


Number 


% 


Number 


% 


Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 


63 

28 

44 


44 
15 
29 
33 
99 
43 

5 

1 
73 
54 

1 
16 
24 
90 
48 
64 
50 
71 
19 

2 
23 
15 
33 
34 
14 
113 
14 


70 
54 
66 
67 
73 
67 
36 
100 
62 
58 
50 
84 
75 
74 
59 
44 
63 
70 
63 
33 
77 
50 
65 
79 
82 
67 
54 


Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 


15 

55 

4 


8 
38 


20 
39 
66 
51 

2 
98 
43 
40 
113 
16 

1 
29 

8 

98 

133 

30 

9 

1 
66 
37 
32 
54 
31 
2,090 


53 
69 

n 


Arkansas 


49 


New Jersey 

New Mexico 


34 

59 


59 


California 


136 


fifi 


Colorado 


64 
14 


New York 


87 


76 


Connecticut 


North Carolina 


108 


47 


Delaware 


1 


North Dakota 


3 


67 


Florida 


118 

93 

2 


Ohio 


125 


78 


Georgia 

Guam 


Oklahoma 


65 


Rfi 


Oregon 

Pennsylvania 


50 

157 


80 


Hawaii 


19 

32 

122 


7? 


Idaho 


Puerto Rico^ 


24 


67 


Illinois 


Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

South Dakota 


3 

49 

14 


33 


Indiana 


81 


^°i 


Iowa 


147 

80 

101 

30 


57 


Kansas 


Tennessee 


127 


77 


Kentucky 

Louisiana 


Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virgin Islands^ 


216 

41 

12 

2 


62 

7,T 


Maine 


6 


75 


Maryland 

Massachusetts 


30 
30 
51 
43 
17 
169 


50 


Virginia 


104 


63 


Michigan 

Minnesota 


Washington 

West Virginia 


59 

40 


63 
80 


Mississippi 

Missouri 


Wisconsin 


78 


69 


Wyoming 

Total or average 


38 

3,165 


8? 


Montana 


26 


66 



U.S. -administered islands and commonwealth. 



40 



Table B-3.— Canvass coverage, by crude ore production, 1984, million short tons 



Ore production 



Commodity 



Respond- 
ents 



U.S. 
total 



Cover- 
age, % 



Ore production 



Commodity 



Respond- 
ents 



U.S. 
total 



Cover- 
age, % 



Metals: 

Bauxite 0.8 1.1 73 

Copper 161.6 193.0 84 

Gold: 

Lode ■'12.2 40.5 30 

Placer 7.7 8.5 91 

Iron ore 137.8 176.0 78 

Lead 5.5 5.6 98 

Silver 6.9 7.9 87 

Titanium W W 100 

Uranium-vanadium 2.3 2.3 82 

Zinc 5.6 5.8 97 

Other metals ^34.3 ^34.9 98 

Total or average 374.7 476.1 

Nonmetals: 

Barite .1 1.1 

Calcium ctiloride (^) NA 

Clays 23.9 44.6 

Diatomlte 1 .3 1.5 

Feldspar 2.5 2.6 

Gypsum 11.0 16.7 

Magnesium compounds 18.8 NA 



79 



9 
NAp 
54 
87 
96 
66 
NAp 



Nonmetals— Continued 

Mica, scrap 0.6 

Perlite .5 

Phosphate rock 1 72.4 

Potash 11.0 

Pumice .3 

Salt: 

Evaporated 4.3 

Rock 14.5 

Salt in brine 10.6 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 1.1 

Industrial 13.7 

Sodium carbonate, 

natural 6.7 

Stone: 

Crushed ^602.2 

Dimension .8 

Sulfur, Frasch 4.1 

Talc .5 

Other nonmetals ^4.1 

Total or average ^ 905.0 

Grand total or 

average 1,279.7 



1.0 

.6 

182.0 

15.6 

.6 

^6.2 

15.1 

^19.7 

773.9 
29.4 

6.7 

^956.0 

^1.2 

54.1 

1.0 

95.4 



2,085.0 



2,561.1 



60 
83 
95 
71 
50 

69 
96 

54 

(') 
47 

100 

63 
67 
100 
50 
76 



43 



50 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 

W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary data; included with other metals. 

^Excludes gold from base metal ores. 

^Includes antimony, beryllium, manganiferous ore, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes nickel, platinum, and items indicated in footnote 2. 

"Less than 0.05. 

^Sold or used by producers or marketable production. 

^Excludes sodium carbonate from brines. 

^Estimated based on ratio of respondents' production to total U.S. production (63%) in 1983. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, bromine, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magnesiteandbrucite, olivine, pyrophyllite,soapstone, sodium carbonate 
from brines, sodium sulfate (natural), tripoli, vermiculite, volcanic cinder, and Vifollastonite. 

^Includes abrasives, aplite, asbestos, boron minerals, fluorspar, graphite, iron oxide pigments (crude), kyanite, magnesite, marl (greensand), millstones, 
olivine, pyrophyllite, soapstone, vermiculite, and wollastonite. 



41 



Table B-4.— Canvass coverage, by value of mine production, 1984, million dollars 





Value 




Cover- 




Value 




Cover- 


Commodity 


Respond- 


U.S. 


age, % 


Commodity 


Respond- 


U.S. 


age, % 




ents 


total 






ents 


total 




Metals: 








Nonmetals — Continued 








Bauxite 


14.5 


15.6 


93 


Mica, scrap 


1.9 


7.1 


27 


Copper 


1.294.1 


1,608.4 


80 


Perlite 


12.9 


16.6 


78 


Gold: 








Phosphate rock 


1,128.2 


1,182.2 


95 


Lode 


^271.6 


727.7 


37 


Potash 


163.9 


241.8 


68 


Placer 


12.7 
1,926.8 


14.8 
^2,247. 7 


86 
86 


Pumice 


1.5 


4.9 


31 


Iron ore 


Salt: 




Lead 


156.8 


181.3 


86 


Evaporated 


225.3 


387.2 


58 


Silver 


223.6 
W 


361.8 
W 


62 
100 


Rock 

Salt in brine 


185.6 
61.6 


188.6 
99.3 


98 


Titanium 


62 


Uranium- 


Sand and gravel: 




vanadium'^ 


"20.2 


24.6 


82 


Construction 


3.6 


2,244.0 


{') 


Zinc 


193.5 
^164.9 


270.6 
^523.8 


71 
31 


Industrial 

Sodium carbonate, natural . . . 
Stone: 

Crushed 

Dimension 


165.1 
513.6 

^2,253.4 
^92.9 
532.5 


377.2 
611.0 

3,755.6 
154.6 
546.1 


44 


Other metals 


84 




Total or average 


4,278.7 


5,976.3 


72 


60 


Nonmetals: 


2.8 


25.4 


11 


60 


Barite 


Sulfur, Frasch 


98 


Calcium chloride 


1.6 


93.0 


12 


Talc 


12.3 


23.3 


53 


Clays 


533.9 


1,037.2 


51 


Other nonmetals 


^222.1 


■'°1,077.2 


21 


Diatomite 

Feldspar 


116.8 
19.4 
74.3 


120.9 

23.5 

113.7 


97 
83 
65 


Total or average 

Grand total or 


6,324.7 


12,330.4 


51 










Gypsum 








Magnesium compounds 


W 


W 


W 


average 


10,603.4 


18,306.7 


58 


W Withheld to avoid disclosure of 


company prop 


ietary data; 


included with other metals or nonmetals. 








^Excludes gold from base metal ores. 














^Value of shipments of usable ore. 
















^Vanadium only. 

















Estimated based on ratio of respondents' crude ore production to total U.S. crude ore production (82%). 

^Includes antimony, beryllium, manganiferous ore, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes antimony, beryllium, iron oxide pigments (crude), magnesium chloride for metals, mercury, rare earths, tin, titanum, and zirconium. 

^Less than 0.05. 

^Estimated based on ratio of respondents' value of stone production to total value of U.S. stone production (60%) in 1983. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, bromine, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magnesite and brucite, magnesium compounds, olivine, pyrophyllite, 
soapstone, sodium sulfate (natural), tripoli, vermiculite, and wollastonite. 

^°lncludes abrasive stones, asbestos, asphalt (native), boron minerals, bromine, emery, fluorspar, garnet, graphite, helium (crude), iodine, kyanite, 
lithium minerals, magnesite, magnesium compounds, marl (greensand), olivine, peat, pyrites, pyrophyllite, sodium sulfate (natural), staurolite, tripoli, and 
wollastonite. 

^^Excludes cement and lime. 



42 



Table B-S.— Typet of raspons*, by commodity and number of respondents, 1984 



Water use 



Commodity 



> 10^ < 10^ None Closed Total 



gal 



gal 



Water use 



Commodity 



>10^ <10^ None Closed Total 
gal gal 



Metals: 

Antimony 1 

Bauxite 1 

Beryllium 

Copper 18 

Gold: 

Lode 20 

Placer 8 

Iron ore 12 

Lead 3 

Manganiterous ore 

Mercury 1 

Molybdenum 2 

Platinum 

Rare earths 1 

Silver 12 

Tin 1 

Titanium (ilmenite) 2 

Tungsten 2 

Uranium-vanadium 15 

Zinc 8 

Zirconium 1 

Total 108 

Nonmetals: 

Aplite 1 

Asbestos 1 

Barite 1 

Bromine 2 

Calcium Chloride 

Clays 38 

Diatomlte 4 

Feldspar 9 

Fluorspar 1 

Garnet 1 












1 





5 





6 





1 





1 








2 


20 


1 





6 


27 


5 





4 


17 





4 


3 


19 


5 


1 


1 


10 





2 





2 











1 











2 








1 


1 











1 


2 


1 


1 


16 











1 











2 











2 


9 


1 


30 


55 


1 





2 


11 











1 



23 



15 



50 196 












1 





1 





2 


2 





1 


4 











2 


1 


2 





3 


10 


130 


3 


181 


1 








5 


1 








10 











1 











1 



Nonmetals-Continued 

Gypsum 

Iodine 

Lithium minerals 

Magnesite and brucite 

Magnesium compounds . . . 

Mica, scrap 

Olivine 

Perlite 

Phosphate rock 

Potash 

Pumice 

Pyrophyllite 

Salt: 

Evaporated 

Rock 

Salt in brine 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 

Industrial 

Soapstone 

Sodium carbonate, natural 
Sodium sulfate, natural . . . 
Stone: 

Crushed 

Dimension 

Sulfur, Frasch 

Talc 

Tripoli 

Vermiculite 

Volcanic cinder 

Wollastonite 

Total 

Grand total 



4 


6 


17 





27 


1 


1 








2 


1 











1 


1 











1 


4 








1 


5 


3 


1 








4 


1 











1 


1 





2 





3 


27 


1 


3 


4 


35 


7 








1 


8 








3 





3 


1 











1 


16 


3 


2 


2 


23 


4 





7 


2 


13 


16 


2 


4 


3 


25 


7 


2 


1 





10 


30 


7 


4 





41 





1 








1 


6 











6 


2 











2 


366 


317 


680 


80 


1,443 


1 


3 


1 





5 


6 











6 


2 


2 


1 





5 


1 











1 


2 











2 





2 


7 





9 








1 





1 


568 


363 


866 


97 


1,894 




676 


386 


881 


147 


2,090 



Table B-6.— Types of response, by State and number of respondents, 1 984 



43 



Water use 



State 



> 10" <10"' None Closed Total 
gal gal 



Water use 



State 



>10^ <10® 
gal gal 



None Closed Total 



Alabama 13 11 16 4 44 

Alaska 6 3 2 4 15 

Arizona 18 3 8 29 

Arkansas 5 7 18 3 33 

California 36 21 39 3 99 

Colorado 8 5 9 21 43 

Connecticut 2 2 10 5 

Delaware 1 i 

Florida 30 10 24 9 73 

Georgia 34 8 12 54 

Guam'' 1 1 

Hawaii 6 2 8 16 

Idaho 10 3 6 5 24 

Illinois 16 8 61 5 90 

Indiana 16 5 26 1 48 

Iowa 15 19 30 64 

Kansas 11 7 28 4 50 

Kentucky 14 22 32 3 71 

Louisiana 12 4 2 1 19 

Maine 10 10 2 

Maryland 9 6 8 23 

Massachusetts 4 3 7 1 15 

Michigan 16 2 12 3 33 

Minnesota 14 2 17 1 34 

Mississippi 2 2 10 14 

Missouri 13 18 79 3 113 

Montana 6 2 5 1 14 



Nebraska 1 2 5 8 

Nevada 23 3 7 5 38 

New Hampshire NA NA NA NA 

New Jersey 7 2 9 2 20 

New Mexico 14 4 16 5 39 

New York 35 8 19 4 66 

North Carolina 25 10 15 1 51 

North Dakota 1 1 2 

Ohio 21 20 54 3 98 

Oklahoma 6 12 23 2 43 

Oregon 2 14 19 5 40 

Pennsylvania 39 30 39 5 113 

PuertoRico'' 3 2 11 16 

Rhode Island 3 1 1 

South Carolina 12 3 13 1 29 

South Dakota 1 2 5 8 

Tennessee 43 20 29 6 98 

Texas 58 19 45 11 133 

Utah 10 8 5 7 30 

Vermont 5 4 9 

Virgin Islands^ 1 1 

Virginia 21 27 16 2 66 

Washington 7 7 18 5 37 

West Virginia 9 6 14 3 32 

Wisconsin 5 4 44 1 54 

Wyoming 13 2 9 7 31 

Total 676 386 881 147 2,090 



NA Not available. 

^U.S.-adminlstered islands and commonwealth. 



44 



Table B-7.— Adequacy of water supply, by commodity, 1984^ 



Commodity 





Responc 


lents with ade- 




Need. 




quate 


supply for— 




10^ 


(') 


Syr 


lOyr 


20 yr 


(') 


gal 











1 

















1 











1 


5 


11 


1 





1 


3 


6 


8 


2 


W 








1 


6 


1 








1 


1 


7 


3 











3 

















1 




















2 

















1 











4 


1 


6 


1 

















1 














2 

















2 

















15 

















5 


3 














1 








1 


9 


18 


68 


12 


w 





1 























1 











1 























2 











6 


10 


20 


2 











1 


2 


1 








2 


1 


6 

















1 

















1 









Commodity 





Respondents 


with ade 




Need, 




quate 


supply for— 




10^ 


(') 


Syr 


10 yi 


20 yr 


(') 


gal 











4 

















1 

















1 








1 














W 











3 


1 








1 


1 





1 














1 

















1 











2 


4 


19 


2 








2 


1 


4 

















1 











1 


2 


13 

















3 


1 








1 


3 


12 














2 


S 











6 


2 


21 


1 








1 


1 


4 

















2 








5 


31 


49 


263 


18 


W 











1 











1 


1 


1 


3 














2 














1 




















1 


1 





6 


56 


79 


396 


31 


w 




7 


65 


97 


464 


43 


206 



Metals: 

Antimony 

Bauxite 

Copper 

Gold: 

Lode 

Placer 

Iron ore 

Lead 

Mercury 

Molybdenum 

Rare earths 

Silver 

Tin 

Titanium (ilmenite) 

Tungsten 

Uranium-vanadium 

Zinc 

Zirconium 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Aplite 

Asbestos 

Barite 

Bromine 

Clays 

Diatomite 

Feldspar 

Fluorspar 

Garnet 



Nonnetals— Continued 

Gypsum 

Iodine 

Lithium minerals 

Magnesite and brucite . . 
Magnesium compounds . 

Mica, scrap 

Olivine 

Perlite 

Phosphate rock 

Potash 

Pyrophyllite 

Salt: 

Evaporated 

Rock 

Salt in brine 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 

Industrial 

Sodium carbonnate, 

natural 

Sodium sulfate, natural . . 
Stone: 

Crushed 

Dimension 

Sulfur, Frasch 

Talc 

Tripoli 

Vermiculite 

Total 

Grand total 



W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary data; included in grand total. 
^As reported by respondents using more than 1 million gal. 
^Inadequate supply. 
^Unspecified number of years. 



NOTE.— No water use was reported for the following commodities: beryllium, manganiferous ore, platinum, calcium chloride, pumice, soapstone, 
volcanic cinder, and wollastonite. 



45 



Table B-8.— Adequacy of water supply, by State, 1984' 



State 



Respondents with ade- 
quate supply for — 



Need, 
10^ 



(') 


Syr 


lOyr 


20 yr 


{') 


ya 








1 


11 


1 














5 


1 








2 


3 


12 


1 














5 








1 


4 


4 


25 


2 


w 








2 


4 


2 














2 




















1 








3 


3 


23 


1 








4 


4 


26 

















1 














2 


4 











2 


2 


6 











2 


2 


12 














1 


14 


1 














13 


2 








1 


4 


6 











5 


1 


8 














2 


6 


4 














1 














3 


5 


1 








1 


1 


2 











1 


1 


14 











1 





8 


5 








1 





1 














2 


9 


2 











1 


4 


1 






state 





Respondents with ade- 




Need, 
10^ 
gal 




quate 


supply for— 




(^) 


Syr 


10 yr 


20 yr 


(') 











1 








1 


7 


4 


9 


2 


w 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 





1 


1 


S 











S 


3 


6 








2 


3 


7 


21 


2 


W 





1 


4 


18 


2 








1 

















1 


1 


19 

















6 








1 











1 


W 


1 


5 


6 


26 


1 


W 











3 

















1 











1 


6 


3 


2 











1 














2 


5 


34 


2 








7 


6 


42 


3 














9 


1 








1 


1 


19 











1 


2 


3 


1 











2 


7 

















4 


1 





1 


2 


9 


1 





w 


7 


6S 


97 


464 


43 


206 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut . . . 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Guam'' 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 



Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina . 
North Dakota . . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Puerto Rico'' . . . 
Rhode Island . . . 
South Carolina . 
South Dakota. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia . . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 



NA Not available. 

W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary data; included in total. 

'As reported by respondents using more than 1 million gal. 

^Inadequate supply. 

•^Unspecified number of years. 

''u.S.-administered islands and commonwealth. 



NOTE.— No water use was reported for Vermont and the Virgin Islands. 



46 



6,220 


8,960 


15,180 


1,980 


4,240 


3,490 


5.310 


8,800 


3.240 


250 


67,740 


584,350 


652,090 


57.020 


10,720 


2,500 


320 


2,820 


2,470 


30 


2,490 


1,020 


3,510 


1,480 


1,010 


6,980 


1,440 


8,420 


5,960 


1,020 


2,400 


1,590 


3,990 


1,890 


510 


6,250 


39,910 


46,160 


3,770 


2,480 



APPENDIX C— ESTIMATED WATER USE IN THE DOMESTIC NONFUEL 

MINERALS INDUSTRY IN 1984 

Table C-1.— Water use, by commodity and type of water, 1984, million gallons 

New Recirculated Water Water 

Commodity water water Total discharged consumed 

Metals: 

Copper 81,460 119,900 201,360 18,870 62,590 

Gold: 

Lode 

Placer 

Iron ore 

Lead 

Silver 

Uranium-vanadium 

Zinc 

Other metals^ 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Diatomite 

Feldspar 

Gypsum 

Magnesium compounds 

Mica, scrap 

Phosphate rock 

Potash 

Salt: 

Evaporated 

Rock 

Salt in brine 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 

Industrial 

Sodium carbonate, natural 

Stone: Crushed 

Sulfur, Frasch 

Other nonmetals^ 

Total 

Grand total 571,000 1,695,900 2,266,900 328,250 242,750 

^Includes antimony, bauxite, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, barite, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magnesite and brcite, olivine, perlite, pyrophyllite, sodium sulfate 
(natural), dimension stone, talc, tripoll. and vermiculite. 



179.530 


762,800 


942,330 


96,680 


82,850 




22.600 


8,480 


31,080 


14,810 


7,790 


520 


150 


670 





520 


1,430 


8,190 


9.620 


1,080 


350 


560 


80 


640 


30 


530 


960 


720 


1.680 


960 





1,140 


480 


1.620 


730 


410 


117,690 


660.790 


778.480 


56,840 


60,850 


4,400 


3.090 


7,490 


2,240 


2,160 


22,580 


7,880 


30,460 


20,590 


1,990 


3,570 


3,890 


7,460 


3,400 


170 


6,310 





6.310 





6,310 


100,500 


45,350 


145.850 


67.720 


32,780 


23,710 


84,990 


108,700 


7,620 


16,090 


9,480 


27,090 


36,570 


3,560 


5.920 


64,960 


61,100 


126,060 


45,640 


19.320 


7.550 


5,200 


12,750 


5,550 


2,000 


3,510 


15,620 


19,130 


800 


2,710 


391,470 


933,100 


1_,324,570 


231,570 


159.900 





Table C-2.— Water use, by commodity and type of operation, 1984, million gallons 



47 



Commodity 



Mining 



Processing 



Other 



Total 



Metals: 

Copper 14,680 

Gold: 

Lode 1.370 

Placer 1.740 

Iron ore 3.030 

Lead 50 

Silver 870 

Uranium-vanadium 6,200 

Zinc 1,660 

Other metals^ 24,750 

Total 54,350 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 1,310 

Diatomite 

Feldspar 20 

Gypsum 220 

Magnesium compounds 

Mica, scrap 

Phosphate rock 74,840 

Potash 130 

Salt: 

Evaporated 5,200 

Rock 1,930 

Salt in brine 5,050 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 21 ,320 

Industrial 34,540 

Sodium carbonate, natural 40 

Stone: Crushed 13,190 

Sulfur, Frasch 1 1,130 

Other nonmetals^ 50 

Total 168,970 

Grand total 223,320 



184,780 

10,100 
6,860 
649,020 
2,750 
1,670 
1,870 
2,280 

21,360 



880,690 



27,160 

470 

9,440 

340 

1,640 

1,620 

687,620 

7.330 

22,220 

5,430 



101,070 
58,670 
36,530 

100,400 

260 

18,640 



1,078,840 



1,900 

3,710 

200 

40 

20 

970 

350 

50 

50 



7,290 



201,360 

15,180 
8,800 
652,090 
2,820 
3,510 
8,420 
3,990 
46,160 



942,330 



2,610 


31,080 


200 


670 


160 


9,620 


80 


640 


40 


1,680 





1,620 


16,020 


778,480 


30 


7,490 


3,040 


30,460 


100 


7,460 


1,260 


6,310 


23,460 


145,850 


15,490 


108,700 





36,570 


12,470 


126,060 


1,360 


12,750 


440 


19,130 


76,760 


1,324,570 



1,959,530 



84,050 



2,266,900 



^Includes antimony, bauxite, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes apllte, asbestos, barlte, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magneslte and brcite, olivine, perlite, pyrophyllife, sodium sulfate 
(natural), dimension stone, talc, tripoll, and vermlculite. 



48 



Table C-3.— Sources of new water, by commodity, 1984, million gallons 



Commodity 



Stream or 
river 



Lal<e or 
reservoir 



Mine 
water 



Ground 
water 



Otiier 



Total 



Metals: 

Copper 17,730 

Gold: 

Lode 830 

Placer 2,110 

Iron ore 8,140 

Lead 

Silver 1,160 

Uranium- 
vanadium 90 

Zinc 170 

Other metals^ 630 

Total 30,860 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 2,340 

Diatomite 20 

Feldspar 770 

Gypsum 

Magnesium 

compounds 330 

Mica, scrap 1,140 

Phosphate rock . . . 2,920 

Potash 380 

Salt: 

Evaporated 4,170 

Rock 2,630 

Salt in brine 2,150 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 20,100 

Industrial 7,280 

Sodium carbonate, 

natural 3,500 

Stone: Crushed .. . 13,100 

Sulfur, Frasch 3,350 

Other non- 
metals^ 1,090 

Total 65,270 



4,040 

10 



51.860 



10 

70 

150 





56,140 



320 

10 

310 

350 






12,220 
40 
50 

22,110 
10,950 



7,630 



20 



6,770 

250 


6,970 

2,180 

640 

5,730 
1,380 
1,730 



25,650 



1,870 



60 

40 





12,570 

10 

110 



39,200 
50 

10 

17,660 



570 



49,780 

5,100 

1,380 

110 

300 

410 

1,090 



3,870 



3,140 



81,460 



62,040 



17,830 

490 

60 

170 

620 



68,690 

4,000 

5,490 

880 

4,030 

15,080 
2,370 

2,070 

16,940 

2,030 

1,820 



30 


6,220 





3,490 


660 


67,740 


20 


2,500 


270 


2,490 





6,980 


700 


2,400 


20 


6,250 



4,840 



240 


230 


10 



33,510 

10 

590 
20 
80 

4,010 
3,060 

3,900 
9,630 
2,170 

10 



179,530 



22,600 

520 

1,430 

560 

960 

1,140 

117,690 

4,400 

22,580 
3,570 
6,310 

100,500 
23,710 

9,480 

64,960 

7,550 

3,510 



54,010 



72,150 



142,570 



57,470 



391,470 



Grand total 



96,130 



110,150 



97,800 



204,610 



62,310 



571,000 



^Includes antimony, bauxite, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, barite, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magnesite and brcite, olivine, perlite, pyrophyllite, sodium sulfate 
(natural), dimension stone, talc, tripoli, and vermiculite. 



Table C-4.— Types of water treated, by commodity, 1984, million gallons 



49 



Commodity 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Discliarge 
water 



Total 
treated 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold: 

Lode 

Placer 

Iron ore 

Lead 

Silver 

Uranium-vanadium 

Zinc 

Other metals^ 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Diatomite 

Feldspar 

Gypsum 

Magnesium compounds . . . 

Mica, scrap 

Phosphate rock 

Potash 

Salt: 

Evaporated 

Rock 

Salt in brine 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 

Industrial 

Sodium carbonate, natural 

Stone: Crushed 

Sulfur, Frasch. 

Other nonmetals^ 

Total 

Grand total 



40,310 

1,700 
560 
5,760 
2,500 
1,040 
6,400 
1,490 
2,170 



61,930 



12,220 

420 

520 



780 



36,790 

530 

2,540 

300 

1,510 

5,030 
14,710 

7,530 
20,640 

7,260 
770 



111,550 



99,620 

3,960 

1,780 

469,2°J 

320 

130 

1,050 

1,520 

760 



578,430 



3,850 

150 

8,090 

10 

20 

480 

559,570 

320 

1,010 



22,680 
76,070 
17,870 
46,820 
5,200 
7,380 



749,520 



7,740 

270 
2,130 
16,990 
2,470 
1,040 
2,300 
1,840 
3,080 



37,860 



13,560 



560 



210 

570 

39,360 

440 

1,490 

210 



40,630 
7,290 
3,300 

22,220 

5,050 

20 



134,910 



147,670 

5,930 
4,470 
492,040 
5,290 
2,210 
9,750 
4,850 
6,010 



678,220 



29,630 

570 

9,170 

10 

1,010 

1,050 

635,720 

1,290 

5,040 

510 

1,510 

68,340 
98,070 
28,700 
89,680 
17,510 
8,170 



995,980 



173,480 



1,327,950 



172,770 



1,674,200 



^Includes antimony, bauxite, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, barite, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magnesite and brcite, olivine, perlite, pyrophyllite, sodium sulfate 
(natural), dimension stone, talc, tripoli, and vermiculite. 



50 



Table C-S.— Water use per short ton of crude ore produced In 1984, gallons 



Commodity 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Total 



Water 
discharged 



Water 
consumed 



Metals: 

Copper 422 

Gold: 

Lode 154 

Placer 411 

Iron ore 385 

Lead 446 

Silver 315 

Uranium-vanadium 2,493 

Zinc 414 

Other metals^ 179 

Average 377 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 507 

Diatomite 347 

Feldspar 550 

Gypsum 34 

Mica, scrap 1,140 

Phosphate rock 647 

Potash 282 

Salt: 

Evaporated 3,642 

Rock 236 

Salt in brine 320 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 130 

Industrial 806 

Sodium carbonate, natural 1 ,41 5 

Stone: Crushed 68 

Sulfur, Frasch 1,841 

Other nonmetals^ 650 

Average-^ 186 

Average, all nonfuel minerals . . . 223 



621 

221 
625 

3,320 

57 

129 

514 

274 

1,144 



1,602 



190 

100 

3,150 

5 

480 
3,631 

198 

1,271 

258 



59 
2,891 
4,043 

64 
1,268 
3,893 



448 



662 



1,043 

375 
1,036 
3,705 

503 

444 
3,007 

688 
1,323 



1,979 



697 

447 

3,700 

39 

1,620 

4,278 

480 

4,913 
494 
320 

189 
3,697 
5,458 

132 
3,109 
3,542 



636 



885 



98 

49 
381 
324 
441 
187 
2,129 
326 
108 



203 



332 

415 
2 
730 
312 
144 

3,321 

220 



88 
259 
531 

48 

1,354 

148 



111 



128 



324 

105 

30 

61 

5 

128 

364 

88 

71 



174 



175 
347 
135 
32 
410 
335 
138 

321 

11 

320 

42 
547 
884 

20 
487 
502 



77 



95 



^Includes antimony, bauxite, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, barite, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magneslte and bruclte, olivine, perlite, pyrophyllite, sodium sulfate 



(natural), dimension stone, talc, tripoli, and vermiculite. 
^Excludes magnesium compounds, for which value of mine production is withheld. 



51 



Table C-6.— Water use per dollar of mine production in 1984, gallons 



Commodity 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Total 



Water 
discharged 



Water 
consumed 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold: 

Lode 

Placer 

Iron ore 

Lead 

Silver 

Uranium-vanadium 

Zinc 

Other metals^ 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Diatomite 

Feldspar 

Gypsum 

Mica, scrap 

Phosphate rock 

Potash 

Salt: 

Evaporated 

Rock 

Salt in brine 

Sand and gravel: 

Construction 

Industrial 

Sodium carbonate, natural 

Stone: Crushed 

Sulfur, Frasch 

Other nonmetals^ 

Average^ 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 



51 

9 

236 

30 

14 

7 

284 

g 

12 



30 



22 

4 

61 

5 

161 

100 

18 

58 
19 
64 

45 
63 
16 
17 
14 
3 



32 



75 

12 

359 

260 

2 

3 

59 

6 

74 



128 



8 

1 

349 

1 

68 

559 

13 

20 

21 



20 

225 
44 
16 
10 

15 



76 



126 

21 

595 

290 

16 

10 

343 

15 

86 



158 



30 

5 

410 

6 

229 

659 

31 

78 
40 
64 

65 
288 
60 
33 
24 
18 



108 



12 

3 

219 

25 

14 

4 

242 

7 

7 



16 



14 


46 



103 

48 
9 

53 

18 



30 
20 

6 
12 
10 

1 



19 



39 

6 

17 
5 

3 

42 
2 
5 



14 



8 

4 
15 

5 
58 
52 

9 

5 

1 

64 

15 

43 

10 

5 

4 

2 



13 



31 



93 



124 



18 



13 



^Includes antimony, bauxite, mercury, molybdenum, rare earths, tin, titanium, tungsten, and zirconium. 

^Includes aplite, asbestos, barite, fluorspar, garnet, iodine, lithium minerals, magnesiteand brucite, olivine, perlite, pyrophyllite, sodium sulfate 



(natural), dimension stone, talc, tripoli, and vermiculite. 
•^Excludes magnesium compounds, for which value of mine production is withheld. 



52 



Table C-7.— Water use, by State and type of water, 1984, million gallons 



State 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Total 



Water 
discharged 



Water 
consumed 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut . . . . 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Guam^ 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . , 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico — 

New York 

North Carolina . , 
North Dakota . . , 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . , 

Puerto Rico^ 

Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina. 
South Dakota . . , 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virgin Islands . 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 



5,410 


3,430 


8,840 


2,290 


3,120 


6,250 


3,040 


9,290 


4,920 


1,330 


47,410 


76,360 


123,770 


7,160 


40,250 


1,900 


1,100 


3,000 


1,100 


800 


23,990 


47,890 


71,880 


15,400 


8,590 


4,350 


2,320 


6,670 


3,060 


1,290 


1,140 


650 


1,790 


840 


300 


260 


60 


320 


220 


40 


110,430 


615,460 


725,890 


46,710 


63,720 


22,740 


15,480 


38,220 


14,640 


8,100 


150 





150 


150 





780 


500 


1,280 


660 


120 


2,440 


3,630 


6,070 


1,770 


670 


13,610 


30,510 


44,120 


9,020 


4,590 


3,660 


2,180 


5,840 


2,930 


730 


2,650 


2,760 


5,410 


2,010 


640 


7,290 


3,750 


11,040 


5,850 


1,440 


1,850 


710 


2,560 


1,470 


380 


12,460 


7,130 


19,590 


8,650 


3,810 


1,030 


480 


1,510 


690 


340 


2,380 


860 


3,240 


1,560 


820 


2,500 


910 


3,410 


1,860 


640 


26,910 


208,720 


235,630 


23,170 


3,740 


65,000 


383,850 


448,850 


53,580 


11,420 


2,010 


720 


2,730 


1,440 


570 


7,630 


3,970 


11,600 


6,550 


1,080 


2,690 


4,420 


7,110 


720 


1,970 


1,550 


690 


2,240 


1,040 


510 


10,450 


13,750 


24,200 


2,950 


7,500 


730 


330 


1,060 


490 


240 


8,670 


10,340 


19,010 


1,250 


7,420 


18,300 


29,320 


47,620 


9,760 


8,540 


18,200 


7,450 


25,650 


14,150 


4,050 


27,320 


106,020 


133,340 


20,260 


7,060 


830 


390 


1,220 


560 


270 


9,220 


6,990 


16,210 


6,680 


2,540 


1,580 


1,170 


2,570 


970 


610 


1,670 


750 


2,420 


1,130 


540 


11,240 


5,650 


16,890 


8,960 


2,280 


80 


760 


840 


20 


60 


220 


100 


320 


160 


60 


2,740 


2,890 


5,630 


1,530 


1,210 


760 


570 


1,330 


510 


250 


14,960 


12,290 


27,250 


13,310 


1,650 


19,310 


34,450 


53,760 


9,800 


9,510 


26,680 


21,450 


48,130 


6,590 


20,090 


490 


220 


710 


330 


160 

















2,280 


5,540 


7,820 


1,340 


940 


3,610 


1,610 


5,220 


2,550 


1,060 


1,330 


70 


1,400 


600 


730 


2,820 


1,510 


4,330 


1,990 


830 


7,040 


10,700 


17,140 


2,900 


4,140 


571,000 


1,695,900 


2,266,900 


328,250 


242,750 



^ U.S. -administered islands and commonwealth. 



Table C-8.— Water use, by State and type of operation, 1984, million gallons 



53 



State 



Mining 



Processing 



Other 



Total 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Guam^ 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire . 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina . . 
North Dakota . . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Puerto Rico^ 

Rhode Island . . . 
South Carolina. . 
South Dakota . . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virgin Islands^ . . 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia . . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 



2,930 


4,000 


2,910 


5,440 


4,290 


117,870 


230 


2,520 


7,140 


61,000 


830 


4,970 


180 


1,390 


30 


260 


104,030 


603,870 


5,540 


29,830 





150 


20 


1,240 


670 


4,850 


9,300 


27,450 


1,460 


3,490 


1,150 


2,840 


3,270 


7,160 


240 


2,010 


6,570 


11,490 


220 


1,050 


390 


2,380 


390 


1,970 


2,340 


231,800 


7,920 


440,190 


940 


2,000 


270 


9,960 


430 


6,070 


330 


1,550 


3,130 


17,800 


150 


730 


4,670 


8,940 


4,290 


41,800 


6,580 


14,460 


1,130 


. 130,600 


190 


840 


2.230 


12,490 


310 


1,900 


350 


1,680 


1,740 


14,320 


90 


750 


40 


230 


390 


4,590 


160 


1,000 


11,520 


13,330 


16,740 


30,220 


2,530 


45,100 


100 


490 








520 


7,020 


640 


3,750 


840 


520 


490 


3,300 


1,480 


16,120 


223,320 


1,959,530 



1,910 
940 

1,610 
250 

3,740 

870 

220 

30 

17,990 

2,850 



20 

550 

7.370 
890 
420 
610 
310 

1,530 
240 
470 

1,050 

1,490 
740 
390 

1,370 
610 
360 

3,270 
180 

5,400 

1,530 

4,610 

1,610 
190 

1,490 
540 
390 
830 

50 
650 
170 

2,400 

6,800 
500 
120 

280 
830 
40 
540 
140 



8,840 

9,290 

123,770 

3,000 

71,880 

6,670 

1,790 

320 

725,890 

38,220 

150 

1,280 

6,070 

44,120 

5,840 

5,410 

11,040 

2,560 

19,590 

1,510 

3,240 

3,410 

235,630 

448,850 

2,730 

11,600 

7,110 

2,240 

24,200 

1,060 

19,010 

47,620 

25,650 

133,340 

1,220 

16,210 

2,750 

2,420 

16,890 

840 

320 

5,630 

1,330 

27,250 

53,760 

48,130 

710 



7,820 

5,220 

1,400 

4,330 

17,740 



84,050 



2,266,900 



U.S.-adminJstered islands and commonwealth. 



54 



Table C-9— Sources of new water by State, 1984, million gallons 



State 



Stream or 
river 



Lake or 
reservoir 



Mine 
water 



Ground 
wrater 



Other 



Total 



Alabama 520 

Alaska 3,220 

Arizona 9,850 

Arkansas 230 

California 2.770 

Colorado 930 

Connecticut 430 

Delaware 160 

Florida 1,640 

Georgia 2,600 

Guam^ 

Hawaii 110 

Idaho 1,320 

Illinois 7,490 

Indiana 560 

Iowa 370 

Kansas 1,210 

Kentucky 250 

Louisiana 6,780 

Maine 210 

Maryland 390 

Massachusetts 380 

Michigan 11,480 

Minnesota 750 

Mississippi 320 

Missouri 3,300 

Montana 860 

Nebraska 310 

Nevada 1,450 

New Hampshire 150 

New Jersey 290 

New Mexico 850 

New York 2,810 

North Carolina 1,260 

North Dakota 170 

Ohio 2,950 

Oklahoma 300 

Oregon 330 

Pennsylvania 1,410 

Puerto Rico^ 

Rhode Island 70 

South Carolina 930 

South Dakota 150 

Tennessee 11,980 

Texas 3,380 

Utah 1,680 

Vermont 100 

Virgin Islands^ 

Virginia 770 

Washington 620 

West Virginia 700 

Wisconsin 860 

Wyoming 4,480 

Total 96,130 



1,950 

1,140 

880 

240 

3,010 

800 

190 

30 

600 

1,680 



60 

130 

750 

500 

400 

360 

220 

490 

220 

410 

430 

11,220 

51,620 

350 

250 

10 

340 

980 

160 

7,070 

3,900 

10,690 

330 

180 

1,120 

410 

370 

450 



40 

170 

170 

610 

2,580 

440 

110 



250 

1,170 

30 

510 

130 



2,370 

1,060 

3,790 

420 

6,800 

1,920 

340 

50 

12,260 

2,020 



20 

390 

2,760 

1,360 

1,060 

740 

430 

860 

400 

890 

720 

2,770 

11,270 

620 

3,260 

1,300 

600 

640 

280 

630 

8,660 

2,230 

1,690 

320 

3,060 

560 

650 

6,560 



70 

1,020 

290 

1,190 

4,000 

770 

190 



550 

1,190 

50 

910 

1,810 



260 

680 

28,880 

930 

6,570 

560 

130 

20 

54,160 

16,230 



530 

520 

2,150 

410 

750 

4,930 

890 

2,040 

150 

550 

900 

1,250 

550 

640 

730 

250 

240 

7,340 

110 

200 

4,770 

2,180 

23,790 

120 

1,860 

250 

260 

2,670 

80 

30 

210 

120 

370 

8,160 

23,360 

70 



650 

520 

550 

450 

590 



310 

150 

4,010 

80 

4,840 

140 

50 



41,770 

210 

150 

60 

80 

460 

830 

70 

50 

60 

2,290 

50 

140 

70 

190 

810 

80 

90 

270 

60 

40 

30 

480 

120 

290 

250 

40 

230 

60 

60 

150 



10 

410 

30 

810 

1,190 

430 

20 



60 

110 



90 

30 



5,410 

6,250 

47,410 

1,900 

23,990 

4,350 

1,140 

260 

110,430 

22,740 

150 

780 

2,440 

13,610 

3,660 

2,650 

7,290 

1,850 

12,460 

1,030 

2,380 

2,500 

26,910 

65,000 

2,010 

7,630 

2,690 

1,550 

10,450 

730 

8,670 

18,300 

18,200 

27,320 

830 

9,220 

1,580 

1,670 

11,240 

80 

220 

2,740 

760 

14,960 

19,310 

26,680 

490 



2,280 

3,610 

1,330 

2,820 

7,040 



110,150 



97,800 



204,610 



62,310 



571,000 



U.S. -administered islands and commonwealth. 



Table C-10.— Types of water treated, by State, 1984, million gallons 



55 



state 



New 
water 



Recirculated 
water 



Discharge 
water 



Total 
treated 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut — 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Guam^ 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hannpshire . 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina . . 
North Dakota . . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Puerto Rico^ — 
Rhode Island . . . 
South Carolina. . 
South Dakota . . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virgin Islands^ .. 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia .. . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 



3,370 


3,110 


270 


2,140 


36,090 


54,250 


60 


860 


8,140 


39.050 


760 


1,470 


40 


380 


140 


30 


45,500 


593,740 


1,320 


12,840 








50 


180 


1,220 


2,800 


2,400 


23,610 


420 


920 


710 


2,310 


240 


1,170 


840 


400 


6,400 


710 


60 


250 


100 


440 


90 


490 


6,520 


204,490 


6,060 


254,110 


310 


360 


4,530 


940 


70 


3.370 


80 


350 


1,800 


8,410 


40 


170 


6,870 


4,660 


10,580 


26,130 


3,070 


3,860 


1,950 


9,260 


40 


190 


1,380 


5,610 


80 


810 


80 


380 


3,520 


2,960 





720 


10 


50 


10 


2,650 


40 


170 


1,850 


6,300 


5,810 


26,470 


5,750 


20,850 


20 


110 








290 


690 


260 


800 


390 


30 


150 


970 


3,500 


930 


73,480 


1,327,950 



1,880 

3,830 

1,600 

440 

10.150 

1,970 

590 

180 

41,040 

12,660 



130 

1,240 

6,150 

2,030 

760 

650 

1,190 

5,310 

410 

1,050 

770 

15,080 

10,140 

970 

5,980 

410 

620 

500 

290 

630 

4,190 

3,540 

6,390 

340 

2,690 

590 

680 

4,860 



80 

690 

310 

2,400 

5,150 

5,810 

200 



710 

1,730 

530 

950 

2,280 



8,360 

6,240 

91,940 

1,360 

57,340 

4,190 

1,010 

350 

680,280 

26,820 



360 

5,370 

32,160 

3,370 

3,780 

2,060 

2,430 

12,420 

720 

1,590 

1,350 

226,090 

270,310 

1,640 

11,450 

3,850 

1,050 

10,710 

500 

12,160 

40,900 

10,470 

17,600 

570 

9,680 

1,480 

1,140 

11,340 

720 

140 

3,450 

520 

10,550 

37,430 

32,410 

330 



1,690 

2,790 

950 

2,070 

6,710 



172,770 



1,674,200 



^U.S.-administered islands and commonwealth. 



56 



APPENDIX D.— WATER USE TRENDS, 1954-84 



Table D-1.— New water Intake, by commodity, billion gallons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium . . . 
Other metals 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Total 

Grand total 



59.0 


81.0 


109.0 


138.1 


80.4 


89.7 


81.5 


17.0 


^54.6 


6.0 


W 


5.5 


7.3 


12.2 


27.0 


112.6 


340.0 


355.9 


326.0 


45.7 


67.7 


22.0 


22.9 


17.0 


19.4 


19.7 


W 


4.9 


2.0 


7.2 


7.0 


8.0 


7.1 


10.5 


7.0 


11.0 


NA 


20.0 


22.3 


13.7 


17.0 


6.3 


138.0 


NAp 


499.0 


543.7 


452.4 


170.2 


179.5 


7.0 


7.1 


11.0 


14.2 


W 


19.4 


22.6 


63.0 


117.2 


247.0 


149.8 


100.9 


60.2 


117.7 


11.0 


7.3 


9.0 


21.3 


16.9 


26.9 


^13.9 


3.0 


^28.9 


6.0 


10.9 


6.4 


NA 


3.6 


187.0 


217.6 


127.0 


122.9 


133.9 


123.1 


124.2 


60.0 


53.6 


50.0 


48.3 


42.6 


47.8 


^65.0 


16.0 


17.6 


24.0 


13.8 


23.4 


NA 


7.6 


22.0 


NA 


9.0 


30.9 


78.0 


100.4 


37.0 


369.0 


NAd 


483.0 


412.1 


402.1 


377.8 


391.5 





507.0 



'757.7 



982.0 



955.8 



854.5 



548.0 



571.0 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 

W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary data; included in grand total. 

^Goldonly. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

•^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

''construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 

^Includes other metals and nonmetals. 



Table D-2.— Recirculated water, by commodity, billion gallons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium . . . 
Other metals 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel^ 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Total 

Grand total 



24.0 


93.6 


338.0 


358.3 


311.1 


133.7 


119.9 


8.0 


^4.2 


5.0 


W 


4.4 


5.0 


15.3 


33.0 


139.5 


319.0 


493.8 


423.7 


375.9 


584.4 


16.0 


1.9 


4.0 


5.8 


10.0 


W 


1.9 





1.0 


4.0 


3.2 


W 


5.0 


1.4 


22.0 


NA 


33.0 


48.4 


65.1 


44.7 


39.9 


103.0 


NAp 


703.0 


909.5 


814.3 


564.3 


762.8 




2.0 


1.6 


2.0 


W 


W 


8.2 


8.5 


75.0 


269.3 


308.0 


299.2 


261.6 


429.3 


660.8 


15.0 


35.6 


48.0 


28.8 


171.0 


98.6 


^30. 9 





^8.8 


4.0 


W 


W 


W 


3.9 


74.0 


122.7 


51.0 


93.6 


90.1 


78.3 


130.3 


6.0 


16.5 


8.0 


10.2 


23.5 


16.6 


^61.6 


1.0 


.2 


2.0 


W 


W 


NA 


5.2 


45.0 


NA 


4.0 


10.8 


24.5 


9.2 


33.1 


218.0 


NAp 


427.0 


442.6 


570.7 


640.2 


933.1 





321.0 



'728.9 



1,130.0 



1,352.1 



1,385.0 



1,204.5 



1,695.9 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 

W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary data; included in other metals or nonmetals. 

''Gold only. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

■^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

''Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 

^Includes other metals and nonmetals. 



Table D-3.— Total water used, by commodity, billion gallons 



57 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium . . , 
Other metals 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel"* 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Total 

Grand total 



83.0 


174.6 


447.0 


496.4 


391.5 


223.4 


201.4 


25.0 


■'58.8 


11.0 


10.9 


9.9 


12.3 


27.5 


60.0 


252.1 


659.0 


849.7 


749.7 


421.6 


652.1 


38.0 


24.8 


21.0 


25.2 


19.7 


W 


6.8 


2.0 


8.2 


11.0 


11.2 


W 


15.5 


8.4 


33.0 


NA 


53.0 


59.8 


85.9 


61.7 


46.2 


241.0 


NAp 


1,202.0 


1,453.2 


1,266.7 


734 5 


912.3 


9.0 


8.7 


13.0 


W 


W 


27.6 


31.1 


138.0 


386.5 


555.0 


449.0 


362.5 


489.5 


778.5 


26.0 


42.9 


57.0 


50.1 


187.9 


125.5 


^44.1 


3.0 


^37. 7 


10.0 


W 


W 


W 


7.5 


261.0 


340.3 


178.0 


216.5 


224.0 


201.4 


254.5 


66.0 


70.1 


58.0 


58.5 


66.1 


64.4 


^126.1 


17.0 


17.8 


26,0 


W 


W 


NA 


12.8 


67.0 


NA 


13.0 


80.6 


132.3 


109.6 


70.1 


587.0 


NAp 


910.0 


854.7 


972.8 


1,018.0 


1,324.6 





828.0 



''1,486.6 



2,112.0 



2,307.9 



2,239.5 



1,752.5 



2,669.9 



NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 

W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary data; included in other metals or nonmetals. 

^Gold only. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

■^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

''construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 

^Includes other metals and nonmetals. 



Table D-4. — Crude ore production, by commodity, million short tons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Total^ 

Grand total 

NA Not available. NAp Not applicable. 
''Gold only. 
^Marketable product. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 
^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 
^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 
Crushed and dimension stone. 
^Crushed stone only. 
^Excludes cement and lime. 



93.7 


151.1 


173.9 


320.0 


262.0 


196.0 


193.0 


NA 


^48.9 


12.4 


6.4 


7.5 


49.8 


56.9 


122.0 


164.8 


216.4 


244.0 


262.0 


128.0 


176.0 


NA 


13.5 


19.3 


16.0 


16.0 


14.1 


11.4 


0.9 


7.1 


5.9 


6.0 


16.5 


10.2 


2.8 


NA 


37.6 


53.1 


62.6 


64.0 


28.9 


36.0 


NAp 


423.0 


481.0 


655.0 


628.0 


427.0 


476.1 




^42.4 


48.5 


62.8 


58.7 


52.3 


40.6 


44.6 


51.0 


63.3 


146.6 


138.0 


191.0 


141.0 


182.0 


NA 


17.6 


36.5 


^23. 5 


^30. 5 


^20.5 


^22.3 


24.8 


"28.8 


T8.4 


12.9 


18.2 


10.1 


15.1 


^553.7 


776.7 


810.5 


984.0 


997.0 


681.7 


803.3 


^404.6 


687.7 


824.7 


1,052.7 


1,074.2 


870.6 


''956.0 


6.4 


5.7 


8.4 


^8.3 


26.3 


24.5 


24.1 


NA 


26.8 


40.1 


50.2 


46.8 


47.2 


57.6 


NAp 


1,655.1 


1,948.0 


2,328.3 


2,416.3 


1,816.2 


2,085.0 





NAp 



2,078.1 



2,429.0 



2,983.3 



3,044.3 



2,243.2 



2.561.1 



58 



Table D-5.— Value of mine production, by commodity, million 1984 dollars 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium . . . 
Other metals 

Total 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

PhosDhate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Total^ 

Grand total 



2,026.1 


2564.3 


2,890.9 


4,464.4 


2,979.5 


1,824.0 


1,608.4 


365.9 


^183.0 


367.6 


462.5 


607.9 


1.331.1 


1,104.3 


2,161.3 


2,095.0 


2,398.3 


2,541.3 


3,575.4 


2,018.8 


2,247.7 


786.5 


542.2 


682.1 


861.3 


898.9 


485.2 


451.9 


NA 


531.7 


590.1 


414.6 


^85.0 


^31.9 


224.6 


850.3 


647.7 


812,5 


771.8 


1,279.9 


337.8 


539.4 


6,190.1 


6,563.9 


7,705.5 


9,525.9 


9,426.6 


6,078.8 


5,976.3 


506.4 


552.4 


708.0 


773.3 


1,074.0 


969.7 


1,037.2 


356.4 


455.1 


718.9 


521.3 


1,390.6 


1,063.4 


1 182.2 
%2.8 


476.0 


601.9 


603.0 


725.5 


1.355.9 


1,441.9 


116.3 


''592.5 


229.1 


171.4 


225.8 


143.9 


188.6 


2,041.6 


2,693.1 


2,925.0 


2,968.7 


3,446.6 


2,364.8 


2,621.2 


2,490.8 


3,475.8 


3,778.9 


4,346.9 


4,320.6 


3,618.8 


^3,755.6 


583.7 


367.7 


769.0 


302.7 


419.1 


431.4 


546.1 


631.2 


6554 


1,461.8 


1,365.8 


1,732.2 


1,425.4 


2,146.7 


7,202.4 


9,393.9 


11,193.7 


11,175.6 


13,964.8 


11,459.3 


12,330.4 





13,392.5 



15,957.8 



18,899.2 



20,701.5 



23,391.4 



17,538.1 



18,306.7 



NA Not available. 

^Gold only. 

^Vanadium only 

•^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 

^Excludes cement and lime. 



Table D-6.— New water intake per short ton of crude ore production, gallons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 



630 


536 


627 


432 


307 


458 


422 


NAp 


'l,117 


484 


NAp 


733 


147 


214 


221 


683 


1,571 


1,459 


1,244 


357 


385 


NAp 


1,696 


881 


1,213 


1,231 


NAp 


430 


2,222 


1,014 


1,186 


1,333 


430 


1,029 


2,500 


NAp 


NAp 


377 


356 


214 


588 


175 



NAp 



NAp 



NAp 



NAp 



NAp 



365 



1,037 



830 



720 



248 



177 



166 



404 



320 



281 



399 



208 



244 



377 



^165 


146 


175 


242 


NAp 


NAp 


507 


1,235 


1,852 


1,685 


1086 
^906 


528 


427 


647 


NAp 


415 


247 


^554 


^1,312 


^623 


^625 


''1,003 


326 


845 


352 


NAp 


238 


^338 


280 


157 


125 


134 


181 


155 


^148 


78 


61 


46 


40 


55 


^68 


2,500 


3,088 


2,857 


2l,663 


^3,71 4 


NAp 


^1,854 


NAp 


NAp 


265 


676 


1,853 


2,576 


642 



188 



223 



NAp Not applicable. 

'Gold only. 

^Marketable production. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 



Table D-7.— Recirculated water per short ton of crude ore production, gallons 



59 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel^ 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 

NAp Not applicable. 

''Gold only. 

^Marketable production. 

''Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

''Possibly Includes evaporated salt. 

^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 



256 


619 


1,944 


1,120 


1,187 


628 


621 


NAp 


^86 


403 


NAp 


587 


100 


269 


270 


846 


1,474 


2,024 


1,617 


2,937 


3,320 


NAp 


141 


207 


363 


625 


NAp 


167 





141 


678 


533 


NAp 


490 


500 


NAp 


NAp 


621 


773 


1,017 


1,547 


1,108 


NAp 


NAp 


1,462 


1,389 


1,297 


1,322 


1,602 




247 


33 


32 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


190 


1,471 


4,254 


2,101 


2,168 


1,370 


3,045 


3,630 


NAp 


2.023 
''306 


1,315 


^1,226 


^5,607 


^4,810 


^1,354 





217 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


258 


^134 


158 


63 


95 


90 


115 


162 


2l5 


24 


10 


10 


22 


19 


^64 


156 


35 


238 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


^1,268 


NAp 


NAp 


118 


236 


582 


374 


575 


NAp 


NAp 


219 


190 


236 


352 


448 





NAp 



351 



465 



453 



455 



537 



662 



Table D-8.— Total water used per short ton of crude ore production, gallons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 



886 


1,159 


2,571 


1,552 


1,494 


1,140 


1,043 


NAp 


^1,203 


887 


NAp 


1,320 


247 


483 


491 


1,529 


3,045 


3,483 


2,861 


3,294 


3,705 


NAp 


1,837 


1,088 


1,576 


1,856 


NAp 


597 


2,222 


1,155 


1,864 


1,866 


NAp 


1,519 


3,000 


NAp 


NAp 


998 


1,129 


1,231 


2,135 


1,283 



NAp 



NAp 



NAp 



NAp 



NAp 



716 



2,499 



2,219 



2,017 



467 



367 



402 



869 



723 



736 



1,721 



560 



781 



1,979 



■^212 


179 


207 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


697 


2,706 


6,106 


3,786 


3,254 


1,898 


3,472 


4,277 


NAp 


2,438 


1,562 


^2,132 


36,161 


^6,122 


^1,977 


^625 


"1,309 


543 


NAp 


NAp' 


NAp 


496 


^472 


438 


220 


220 


224 


296 


317 


^163 


102 


71 


56 


62 


74 


''132 


2,656 


3,123 


3,095 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


^3,122 


NAp 


NAp 


383 


912 


2,435 


2,950 


1,217 



636 



885 



NAp Not applicable. 

^Gold only. 

^Marketable production. 

■'Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

''Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 



60 



Table D-9.— New water intake per 1984 dollar of mine production, gallons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 



29 


32 


38 


31 


27 


46 


^298 


16 


NAp 


9 


12 


54 


142 


140 


91 


28 


42 


25 


23 


22 


NAp 


14 


12 


19 


284 


13 


NAp 


25 


29 


11 



22 



51 



38 



NAp 



NAp 



47 



65 



57 



43 



52 



37 



46 



48 



29 



37 



49 
5 

23 
NAp 
^329 

50 



28 



33 



31 



51 
11 
30 
11 
^285 
12 



30 



14 


13 


16 


18 


NAp 


NAp 


22 


177 


258 


344 


287 


73 


57 


100 


23 


12 


15 


29 


12 


19 


316 


26 


^49 


26 


64 


28 


NAp 


19 


92 


81 


43 


41 


39 


52 


47 


24 


15 


13 


11 


10 


13 


^17 


27 


48 


31 


46 


56 


NAp 


14 


27 


NAp 


6 


23 


47 


57 


17 



32 



31 



NAp Not applicable. 

''Gold only. 

^Vanadium only. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

''Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 



Table D-10.— Recirculated water per 1984 dollar of mine production, gallons 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 

NAp Not applicable. 

''Gold only. 

^Vanadium only. 

^Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 

■^Possibly includes evaporated salt. 

^Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 

^Crushed and dimension stone. 

^Crushed stone only. 



12 


37 


117 


80 


104 


73 


75 


22 


^23 


14 


NAp 


7 


4 


14 


15 


67 


133 


194 


119 


186 


260 


20 


4 


6 


7 


11 


NAp 


4 


NAp 


2 


7 


8 


NAp 


2l57 


257 


26 


NAp 


41 


63 


51 


132 


74 


17 


NAp 


91 


95 


86 


93 


128 




4 


3 


3 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


8 


210 


592 


428 


574 


188 


404 


559 


32 


59 


80 


40 


126 


68 


^35 





^15 


17 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


21 


36 


46 


17 


32 


26 


33 


50 


2 


5 


2 


2 


5 


5 


^16 


2 


1 


3 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


10 


70 


NAp 


3 


8 


15 


8 


15 


30 


NAp 


38 


40 


41 


56 


76 





24 



46 



60 



65 



59 



69 



93 



Table D-11.— Total water used per 1984 dollar of mine production, gallons 



61 



Commodity 



1954 



1962 



1968 



1973 



1978 



1983 



1984 



Metals: 

Copper 

Gold and silver 

Iron ore 

Lead and zinc 

Uranium-vanadium 

Other metals 

Average 

Nonmetals: 

Clays 

Phosphate rock 

Potash, soda, borates 

Rock salt 

Sand and gravel^ 

Stone^ 

Sulfur 

Other nonmetals 

Average 

Average, all nonfuel minerals 



41 


69 


155 


111 


131 


122 


126 


68 


^321 


30 


NAp 


16 


9 


25 


27 


121 


275 


334 


210 


209 


290 


48 


46 


31 


30 


33 


NAp 


15 


NAp 


16 


19 


27 


NAp 


^486 


^342 


39 


NAp 


66 


92 


62 


182 


86 



39 



62 



NAp 



93 



156 



152 



112 



111 



134 



96 



121 



100 



158 



18 


16 


19 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


30 


387 


850 


772 


861 


261 


461 


659 


55 


71 


95 


69 


138 


87 


35 1 


26 


"64 


43 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


40 


128 


127 


60 


73 


65 


85 


97 


26 


20 


15 


13 


15 


18 


^33 


29 


49 


34 


NAp 


NAp 


NAp 


24 



97 


NAp 


9 


31 


62 


65 


32 


81 


NAp 


81 


77 


70 


89 


108 



124 



NAp Not applicable. 

''Gold only. 
Vanadium only. 

Potash and sodium carbonate (natural) only. 
Possibly includes evaporated salt. 
Construction and industrial sand and gravel. 
Crushed and dimension stone. 
Crushed stone only. 



62 



Table D-12.— Water use, by State and type of water, 1962 {29), million gallons 



State 



New 


Recirculated 




Water 


Water 


water 


water 


Total 


discharged 


consumed 


4,307 


2,488 


6,795 


^3,633 


^674 


17,001 


3,227 


20,228 


16,516 


485 


27,304 


50,203 


77,507 


13,811 


13,493 


9,226 


3,746 


12,972 


7,957 


1,269 


66,634 


17,161 


83,795 


63,343 


3,291 


9,869 


6,424 


16,293 


7,718 


2,151 


2,274 


711 


2,985 


2,105 


169 


112 


41 


153 


105 


7 


75,407 


179,131 


254,538 


64,919 


10,488 


14,760 


1,882 


16,642 


13,918 


842 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


328 





328 


327 


1 


10,034 


1,856 


11,890 


9,700 


334 


9.192 


10,595 


19,787 


8,986 


206 


7,729 


9,121 


16,850 


7,441 


288 


2,011 


3,937 


5,948 


1,966 


45 


13,243 


3,568 


16,811 


12,919 


324 


1,091 


28 


1,119 


®1,006 


^85 


19,990 


7,881 


27,871 


17,905 


2,085 


206 


14 


220 


195 


11 


5,195 


2,313 


7,508 


4,804 


391 


2,614 


1,778 


4,392 


2,442 


172 


47,253 


36,636 


83,889 


46,084 


1,169 


102,314 


99,224 


201,538 


97,938 


4,376 


6,873 


3,656 


10,529 


6,694 


179 


15,551 


9,098 


24,649 


14,893 


658 


9,581 


6,742 


16,323 


8,879 


702 


1,717 


1,328 


3,045 


1,550 


167 


8,577 


3,817 


12,394 


5,211 


3,366 


643 


429 


1,072 


609 


34 


12,890 


9,296 


22,186 


12,451 


439 


9,965 


36,651 


46,616 


4,038 


5,927 


20,172 


11,376 


31,548 


18,064 


2,108 


7,898 


3,775 


11,673 


7,224 


674 


2,112 


3,372 


5,484 


2,040 


72 


32,056 


12,716 


44,772 


28,427 


3,629 


5,214 


10,379 


15,593 


5,104 


110 


2,909 


36 


2,945 


2,743 


166 


22,092 


12,502 


34,594 


20,569 


1,523 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


506 


86 


592 


461 


45 


3,887 


1,956 


5,843 


3,812 


75 


3,351 


1,245 


4,596 


2,705 


646 


57,304 


97,168 


154,472 


37,819 


19,485 


37,426 


14,869 


52,295 


31,622 


5,804 


22,171 


21,595 


43,766 


9,960 


12,211 


582 


148 


730 


525 


57 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


NA 


5,374 


3,132 


8,506 


4,827 


547 


7,879 


1,150 


9,029 


7,469 


410 


6,452 


3,858 


10,310 


4,491 


1,961 


1,870 


1,168 


3,038 


1,818 


52 


4,576 


15,400 


19,976 


2,866 


1,710 


757,722 


728,913 


1,486,635 


652,609 


105,113 



Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut . . . 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Guam^ 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico . . . 

New York 

North Carolina . 
North Dakota . . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . 
Puerto Rico^ . . . 
Rhode Island . . 
South Carolina . 
South Dakota . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermon* 

Virgin Islands^ . 

Virginia 

Washington , . . . 
West Virginia . . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 



Estimated. NA Not available. 

U.S. -administered islands and commonwealth. 



TlU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988-223-965 



C 138 89 



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